Experimental and Theoretical Brownian Dynamics Analysis of Ion Transport During Cellular Electroporation of E. coli Bacteria.

Escherichia coli bacterium is a rod-shaped organism composed of a complex double membrane structure. Knowledge of electric field driven ion transport through both membranes and the evolution of their induced permeabilization has important applications in biomedical engineering, delivery of genes and antibacterial agents. However, few studies have been conducted on Gram-negative bacteria in this regard considering the contribution of all ion types. To address this gap in knowledge, we have developed a deterministic and stochastic Brownian dynamics model to simulate in 3D space the motion of ions through pores formed in the plasma membranes of E. coli cells during electroporation. The diffusion coefficient, mobility, and translation time of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and Cl- ions within the pore region are estimated from the numerical model. Calculations of pore's conductance have been validated with experiments conducted at Gustave Roussy. From the simulations, it was found that the main driving force of ionic uptake during the pulse is the one due to the externally applied electric field. The results from this work provide a better understanding of ion transport during electroporation, aiding in the design of electrical pulses for maximizing ion throughput, primarily for application in cancer treatment.

A comparison of opioid-containing anesthesia versus opioid-free anesthesia using the Cortínez-Sepúlveda model on differential cytokine responses in obese patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Opioid anesthetic agents can modulate the impaired immune response in obese patients through mechanisms that involve the expression and release of cytokines. For this reason, anesthetic care for obese patients remains controversial. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the effect of opioid-containing anesthesia (OCA) vs opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) using the Cortínez-Sepúlveda model on IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α serum levels before and after surgery in obese patients undergoing bypass surgery. METHODS: This randomized cross-sectional study conducted among 40 unrelated obese adults was performed in the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca". Before undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, patients were randomly assigned to two anesthesia groups: OCA (n = 20) or OFA (n = 20). Fentanyl was the opioid used in the OCA group. The Cortínez-Sepúlveda pharmacokinetic model was used to characterize the disposition of intravenous propofol for the target-controlled infusion technique in obese patients. Body mass was determined to the nearest 0.05 kg using a balance scale (Seca 703; Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Blood samples were taken before and immediately after surgery and cytokine concentrations were determined by ELISA. Pain was assessed using a numerical pain rating scale. Adverse effects were collected within the first 24 h after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 6 men and 34 women were included (37.9 ± 10.6 years). Pre-surgery IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels were not detected in study subjects. However, IL-1ß levels significantly decreased after surgery (49.58 pg/mL (18.50-112.20)-before surgery vs 13 pg/mL (5.43-22)-after surgery, p = 0.019). IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher in subjects who received OCA (with fentanyl) compared to subjects with OFA (224.5 pg/mL (186.3-262.8) vs 99.5 pg/mL (60.8-138.2), respectively, p < 0.001; adjusted by age, gender, and BMI). In addition, the use of opioids confers an increased risk for higher IL-6 levels in obese patients (OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.2-7.2, p = 0.010). A linear regression model showed that the operative time (in hours) of bypass surgery and anesthetic technique were positively correlated with IL-6 levels. CONCLUSION: Anesthesia with opioids correlated positively with IL-6 serum levels in obese patients undergoing bypass surgery. This finding could have clinical relevance when an appropriate anesthetic management plan is selected for bariatric surgical patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identification Number: NCT04854252, date 22/04/2021.

Headache related to personal protective equipment in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: baseline and 6-month follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Headaches related to the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) could affect performance at work in healthcare personnel. Our aim was to describe the prevalence and risk factors for headaches related to PPE, in the personnel of a specialized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tertiary hospital. METHODS: In this cross-sectional survey study, we invited healthcare workers from COVID-19 referral center in Mexico (May 22-June 19, 2020) to answer a standardized structure questionnaire on characteristics of new-onset PPE-related headache or exacerbation of primary headache disorder. Participants were invited regardless of whether they had a current headache to avoid selection bias. This is the primary analysis of these data. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight subjects were analyzed, 181/268 (67.5%) women, 177/268 (66%) nurses, mean age 28 years. The prevalence of PPE-related headache was 210/268 (78.4%). Independent risk factors were occupation other than physician (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.20-2.10), age > 30 years (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.25-5.14), and female sex (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.86-6.87). In the 6-month follow-up, 13.1% of subjects evolve to chronic headache, with stress as predictive risk factor. CONCLUSION: The frequency of PPE-associated headache is high, and a subgroup could evolve to chronic headache. More studies are necessary to improve the knowledge about this condition.

Tromboelastografía para cirugía general / Thromboelastography for general surgery

Resumen: Las pruebas convencionales de coagulación evalúan el tiempo en que los factores de coagulación se activan en el plasma sanguíneo, el cual carece de componentes celulares, como enzimas y plaquetas que intervienen en el desarrollo de la hemostasia. La tromboelastografía (TEG) realiza un análisis in vitro de la relación entre plaquetas, enzimas, fibrinógeno y otros elementos de la coagulación de manera integral; por lo que se utiliza con mayor frecuencia en cirugías cardíacas, trasplantes y cirugías de malformaciones arteriovenosas, donde la pérdida sanguínea esperada es mayor a 40% del volumen sanguíneo circulante. La inclusión de la TEG en la valoración preanestésica permite evaluar la actividad plaquetaria en los pacientes que utilizan antiagregantes, como clopidogrel o ácido acetilsalicílico, a través del mapeo plaquetario (Platelet Mapping®). Cuando se presenta hemorragia en el período transanestésico, la TEG permite identificar de manera específica el tipo de tratamiento necesario para mejorar la coagulación o la transfusión de elementos formes de la sangre. La TEG permite realizar protocolos más sofisticados de terapia transfusional, lo que implica una disminución de las complicaciones asociadas con la politransfusión y, por ende, la disminución de costos, por lo que estos beneficios justifican el uso rutinario de la TEG para cualquier cirugía general.

Abstract: Conventional coagulation tests evaluate the time in which the coagulation factors are activated in the blood plasma, which lacks cellular components such as enzymes and platelets that are involved in the development of hemostasis. Thromboelastography (TEG) performs an in vitro analysis of the relationship between platelets, enzymes, fibrinogen, and other coagulation elements in an integral way; reason why it is used more frequently in cardiac surgeries, transplants, and surgeries of arteriovenous malformations, where the expected blood loss is greater than 40% of the circulating blood volume. The inclusion of TEG in the pre-anesthetic evaluation allows evaluating platelet activity in patients who use antiplatelets therapy, such as clopidogrel or acetylsalicylic acid, through platelet mapping (Platelet Mapping®). When bleeding occurs in the trans-anesthetic period, TEG specifically identifies the type of treatment necessary to improve coagulation or transfusion of formed blood elements. The TEG allows more sophisticated transfusion therapy protocols to be carried out, which implies a decrease in complications associated with polytransfusion and a reduction in costs, so these benefits justify the routine use of TEG for any general surgery.

First evidence of regional migration of the copper shark Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870) in the Southwest Atlantic.

Regional migration of the copper shark Carcharhinus brachyurus was recorded for the first time in the Southwest Atlantic (SWA) from Argentina (latitude: -38.1037, longitude: -57.5371) to Brazil (latitude: -20.6833, longitude: -40.2846) as a result of a citizen science tagging project. The recaptured specimen was a female (103 kg weight), with 18 developing embryos within the uterus. The total distance was at least 2566 km, and it is the longest ever recorded for the species. Furthermore, it extends its northern distribution in the SWA.

Impacto de la anestesia intravenosa en cirugía robótica para paciente de alto riesgo sometido a cirugía oncológica de larga duración en el Centro Médico Naval / Impact of intravenous anesthesia in robotic surgery for high-risk patient undergoing long-term oncologic surgery at the Naval Medical Center

Resumen: La práctica de cirugía robótica es un proceso complejo que implica desarrollo y tecnología no sólo en el campo de la cirugía, sino también en el campo de la anestesiología. Implica un proceso multifactorial, ya que ha generado un cambio drástico multidisciplinario basado en tecnología de punta que pretende ofrecer mejores condiciones durante el manejo perioperatorio en cirugía robótica. La anestesia total intravenosa cumple objetivos específicos en relación a la posición del paciente, relajación cerebral, neuroprotección, hemodinamia, pérdida y recuperación de la conciencia, parálisis neuromuscular, parámetros ventilatorios, etc. Ofrece seguridad y calidad al paciente durante el procedimiento con una mínima interferencia con el monitoreo electrofisiológico y permite modular la profundidad anestésica desde una neurosedación hasta una anestesia general, de acuerdo a las diferentes etapas de la cirugía. Un factor atribuible a la anestesia moderna para el éxito de la cirugía robótica es usar diferentes agentes anestésicos que promuevan inducción, mantenimiento y emersión anestésica más rápida y suave, a fin de reducir el tiempo de recuperación del estado de conciencia, funciones básicas y psicomotoras como la anestesia general multimodal.

Abstract: The practice of robotic surgery is a complex process, involving development and technology; not only in the surgery field but also in the anesthesiology field. It implies a multifactorial process since it has generated a drastic multidisciplinary change based on state-of-the-art technology; which aims to offer better conditions during perioperative management in robotic surgery. Intravenous Total Anesthesia accomplishes specific objectives in relation to patient position, brain relaxation, neuroprotection, hemodynamics, loss and recovery of consciousness, neuromuscular paralysis, ventilatory parameters, providing safety and quality during the procedure; with minimal intervention during electrophysiological monitoring and enabling anesthetic depth to be modulated from neurosedation to general anesthesia, according to the different stages of the surgery. A factor attributable to modern anesthesia for robotic surgery success is to employ different anesthetic agents promoting induction, maintenance of general anesthesia, smother and faster anesthetic emersion, for the purpose of reducing recovery time of the state of consciousness), basic and psychomotor functions; as is the general multimodal anesthesia.

Design of a nursing objective structured clinical examination of a first-year clinical practice program.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to design a content-valid nursing objective structured clinical examination attending a first-year clinical nursing practice program. METHOD: The examination was designed following a procedure based on the consensus of experts which was comprised of three phases: selection of the activities in which students should be competent according to the learning outcomes of the course, clinical case design, and integration of the clinical cases designed into the stations of the test. RESULTS: Of the 44 surveys submitted for the design of the stations, 37 were answered, of which 31 respondents met the inclusion criteria of the panel of experts. The activities on which the experts reached the highest degrees of consensus were: basic physical assessment and monitoring of vital signs, assessment of hygiene and skin status, ability to develop care plans, management of safety principles in administration of medication and administration of oral medication. Based on the selected activities, the experts developed 20 clinical cases, from which a four-station nursing objective structured clinical examination was designed. CONCLUSION: The structured methodology based on the design of experts enabled the design of a content-valid objective structured clinical examination appropriate for the evaluation of the learning outcomes achieved by the students attending a clinical practice program.

Characterization of the Bacterial Biofilm Communities Present in Reverse-Osmosis Water Systems for Haemodialysis.

Biofilm in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is a common problem in water treatment at haemodialysis facilities. Bacteria adhere and proliferate on RO membranes, forming biofilms, obstructing and damaging the membranes and allowing the transfer of bacteria and/or cellular components potentially harmful to the health of haemodialysis patients. Our aim was to characterize the bacterial community associated to biofilm of RO membranes and to identify potentially pathogenic bacteria present in the haemodialysis systems of two dialysis centres in Chile. The diversity of the bacterial communities present on RO membranes and potable and osmosed water samples was evaluated using Illumina sequencing. Additionally, bacteria from potable water, osmosed water and RO membrane samples were isolated, characterized and identified by Sanger's sequencing. The molecular analyses of metagenomics showed that the phyla having a greater relative abundance in both dialysis centres were Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Agrobacterium, Pigmentiphaga, Ralstonia, Arthrobacter, Bacteroides and Staphylococcus were bacterial genera isolated from the different samples obtained at both haemodialysis centres. Pseudomonas spp. was a bacterial genus with greater frequency in all samples. Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus showed higher levels of resistance to the antibiotics tested. Results demonstrated the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria, showing resistance to antimicrobials on RO membranes and in osmosed water in both dialysis centres studied.

Aerosol Box 2.0: Adjustments and Improvements Made in Mexico for Intubating Patients During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

In January 2020, a global pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization authorities for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since then, we have looked for ways to avoid transmission with mitigation measures and social distancing. However, areas with a high incidence of COVID-19 have struggled to maintain adequate supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE) essential for health workers. Many innovations have been proposed to assist providers including barriers to use during airway management. We present adaptations to previously described intubation or "aerosol" boxes.

Design of a nursing objective structured clinical examination of a first-year clinical practice program / Projeto de um exame clínico estruturado objetivo de enfermagem de um programa de prática clínica do primeiro ano / Diseño de una prueba de evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada de cuidados de enfermería del primer curso de prácticas clínicas

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to design a content-valid nursing objective structured clinical examination attending a first-year clinical nursing practice program. Method: The examination was designed following a procedure based on the consensus of experts which was comprised of three phases: selection of the activities in which students should be competent according to the learning outcomes of the course, clinical case design, and integration of the clinical cases designed into the stations of the test. Results: Of the 44 surveys submitted for the design of the stations, 37 were answered, of which 31 respondents met the inclusion criteria of the panel of experts. The activities on which the experts reached the highest degrees of consensus were: basic physical assessment and monitoring of vital signs, assessment of hygiene and skin status, ability to develop care plans, management of safety principles in administration of medication and administration of oral medication. Based on the selected activities, the experts developed 20 clinical cases, from which a four-station nursing objective structured clinical examination was designed. Conclusion: The structured methodology based on the design of experts enabled the design of a content-valid objective structured clinical examination appropriate for the evaluation of the learning outcomes achieved by the students attending a clinical practice program.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi elaborar um exame clínico estruturado de objetivos de enfermagem com conteúdo válido, participando de um programa de prática clínica de enfermagem do primeiro ano. Método: O exame foi elaborado seguindo um procedimento baseado no consenso de especialistas que compreendeu três fases: seleção das atividades nas quais os alunos deveriam ser competentes de acordo com os resultados de aprendizagem do curso, desenho do caso clínico e integração do quadro clínico casos projetados para as estações do teste. Resultados: Das 44 pesquisas submetidas para a concepção das estações, 37 foram respondidas, das quais 31 respondentes atenderam aos critérios de inclusão do painel de especialistas. As atividades nas quais os especialistas alcançaram maior grau de consenso foram: avaliação física básica e monitoramento dos sinais vitais, avaliação da higiene e do estado da pele, capacidade de desenvolver planos de cuidados, gestão dos princípios de segurança na administração de medicamentos e administração de medicamentos orais. Com base nas atividades selecionadas, os especialistas desenvolveram 20 casos clínicos, a partir dos quais foi elaborado um exame clínico estruturado objetivo de enfermagem em quatro estações. Conclusão: A metodologia estruturada baseada na concepção de especialistas permitiu a concepção de um exame clínico estruturado objetivo válido e de conteúdo adequado para a avaliação dos resultados de aprendizagem alcançados pelos alunos que frequentam um programa de prática clínica.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar una Evaluación Clínica Objetiva Estructurada con validez de contenido para evaluar el nivel de competencias de estudiantes de primer curso de formación practico-clínica enfermera. Método: Se diseñó la prueba siguiendo un procedimiento basado en consenso de expertos con tres fases: selección de las actividades en la que los alumnos debían ser competentes en base a los resultados de aprendizaje de la asignatura, diseño de casos clínicos, e integración de los casos clínicos diseñados en las estaciones de la prueba. Resultados: Las actividades que alcanzaron mayor consenso por parte de los expertos fueron: valoración física básica y monitorización de signos vitales, valoración de la higiene y estado de la piel, capacidad para elaborar planes de cuidados, manejo de los principios de seguridad en la administración de medicación y administración de medicación oral. En base a las actividades seleccionadas, los expertos elaboraron 20 casos clínicos, a partir de los cuales se diseñó una evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada de cuidados de enfermería formada por cuatro estaciones. Conclusión: La metodología estructurada basada en el diseño de expertos permitió el diseño de una evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada adecuada para evaluar los resultados de aprendizaje alcanzados por los estudiantes de primer curso de formación práctico-clínica.

El efecto inhibitorio del EDTA sobre el crecimiento microbiano en suspensiones de propofol / The inhibitory effect of EDTA on microbial growth in propofol suspensions

Resumen: Las suspensiones comerciales de propofol, por su composición farmacéutica, soportan el crecimiento de diversos microorganismos; la aplicación de propofol, contaminado microbianamente luego de ser retirado de su envase original, ha sido vinculada a brotes de infección postoperatoria. La adición de sales de ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) retarda el crecimiento de estos microorganismos. Aquí se comparó el crecimiento, a lo largo de 48 horas y en tres temperaturas (ambiente, 35 y 42 oC), de siete cepas bacterianas y tres de levaduras, en cuatro formulaciones de propofol disponibles en México, una de ellas adicionada con EDTA. Consistentemente, el crecimiento fue menor en la suspensión con EDTA, comparada con las tres que no lo contienen, con variaciones entre microorganismos y temperaturas: desde muerte inicial de parte del inóculo, o inhibición completa y sostenida del crecimiento, hasta inhibición parcial. Aunque la adición de EDTA no debe considerarse como un sustituto del manejo aséptico del propofol, que debe extenderse durante el período perioperatorio, ciertamente disminuye la proliferación microbiana que puede darse por contaminación accidental, disminuyendo asimismo el riesgo de infección para el paciente.

Abstract: Commercially available propofol suspensions, due to their pharmaceutical composition, support the growth of several microorganisms; the administration of propofol suspensions that became microbially-contaminated after being removed from their original vial, has been linked to postsurgical infections. Addition of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) salts delays the growth of such microorganisms. Here, we compared the growth of seven bacterial strains and three yeast strains, along 48 hours and at three different incubation temperatures (room temperature, 35 and 42 oC), in four propofol formulations available in Mexico, one of them with supplemented EDTA. Consistently, microbial growth was diminished in the formulation supplemented with EDTA, compared to the other three, although with variations between microorganisms and incubation temperatures: from initial reduction in viable organisms, to complete and sustained growth inhibition, to only partial growth inhibition. While the addition of EDTA to propofol suspensions must not be considered as a substitute for aseptic handling of the drug, it certainly diminishes microbial growth that can occur after accidental contamination, reducing the infection risk for the patient.

Desarrollo y evaluacion psicometrica de una forma abreviada de la escala de posicionamiento ante el diagnostico enfermero / A forma abreviada da escala posições frente ao diagnostico de enfermagem: desenvolvimento e avaliação psicométrica / A short form of the positions on nursing diagnosis scale: development and psychometric testing

El Position on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) es una escala que utiliza la técnica del diferencial semántico para medir las actitudes hacia el concepto diagnóstico enfermero. El estudio objetivó desarrollar una forma abreviada de la versión española de esta escala, evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas y eficiencia. Se utilizó un doble enfoque empírico-teórico para obtener una forma reducida del PND, el PND-7-SV, que fuera equivalente a la original. Mediante un diseño transversal a través de encuesta, se evaluó la fiabilidad (consistencia interna y fiabilidad test-retest), validez de constructo (análisis factorial exploratorio, técnica de grupos conocidos y validez discriminante) y de criterio (validez concurrente), sensibilidad al cambio y eficiencia del PND-7-SV en una muestra de 476 estudiantes de enfermería españoles. Los resultados avalaron la utilidad del PND-7-SV para medir las actitudes hacia el diagnóstico enfermero de manera equivalente a la forma completa de la escala y en un tiempo más reducido.

O Position on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) é uma escala que utiliza a técnica do diferencial semântico para medir atitudes em relação ao conceito diagnóstico de enfermagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma forma abreviada da versão em espanhol desta escala e avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas e eficiência. Foi utilizada uma dupla abordagem teórico-empírica para obter uma forma curta do PND, o PND-7-SV, que era equivalente à original. Usando um desenho transversal através de pesquisa, foi avaliada a confiabilidade (consistência interna e confiabilidade teste-reteste), validade de constructo (análise fatorial exploratória, técnica de grupos conhecidos e validade discriminante) e de critério (validade concorrente), sensibilidade à mudança e eficiência da PND-7-SV em uma amostra de 476 estudantes de enfermagem espanholas. Os resultados endossaram a utilidade do PND-7-SV para medir atitudes em relação ao diagnóstico de enfermagem de maneira equivalente à forma completa da escala e em um curto tempo.

The Positions on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) is a scale that uses the semantic differential technique to measure nurses' attitudes towards the nursing diagnosis concept. The aim of this study was to develop a shortened form of the Spanish version of this scale and evaluate its psychometric properties and efficiency. A double theoretical-empirical approach was used to obtain a short form of the PND, the PND-7-SV, which would be equivalent to the original. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), construct (exploratory factor analysis, known-groups technique and discriminant validity) and criterion-related validity (concurrent validity), sensitivity to change and efficiency of the PND-7-SV were assessed in a sample of 476 Spanish nursing students. The results endorsed the utility of the PND-7-SV to measure attitudes toward nursing diagnosis in an equivalent manner to the complete form of the scale and in a shorter time.

[A short form of the positions on nursing diagnosis scale: development and psychometric testing]. / Desarrollo y evaluación psicométrica de una forma abreviada de la escala de posicionamiento ante el diagnóstico enfermero.

The Positions on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) is a scale that uses the semantic differential technique to measure nurses' attitudes towards the nursing diagnosis concept. The aim of this study was to develop a shortened form of the Spanish version of this scale and evaluate its psychometric properties and efficiency. A double theoretical-empirical approach was used to obtain a short form of the PND, the PND-7-SV, which would be equivalent to the original. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), construct (exploratory factor analysis, known-groups technique and discriminant validity) and criterion-related validity (concurrent validity), sensitivity to change and efficiency of the PND-7-SV were assessed in a sample of 476 Spanish nursing students. The results endorsed the utility of the PND-7-SV to measure attitudes toward nursing diagnosis in an equivalent manner to the complete form of the scale and in a shorter time.

Experiencia del tratamiento de espondilolistesis lumbar degenerativa de un solo segmento con espaciador interespinoso / Experiência no tratamento de espondilolistese lombar degenerativa de um só segmento por meio de espaçador interespinhal / Experience in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis of just one segment using in interspinous implant

OBJETIVO: Evaluar a un año el resultado del uso de espaciadores dinámicos en listésis grado I de Meyerding utilizando la escala de incapacidad de Oswestry. MÉTODOS: Se revisa el historial electrónico y radiográfico de los pacientes según criterios en el período de enero 2008 a diciembre 2010, con el propósito de realizar un estudio de cohortes, retrospectivo, longitudinal y observacional. RESULTADOS: El Oswestry prequirúrgico fue de 3.4% leve, 55.2% moderado y 41.4% severo; mientras que el posquirúrgico fue de 79.3% leve y 20.7% moderado. La cirugía realizada más común fue exploración y liberación con un 72.4%, presentando discectomía únicamente el 27.6%. Los pacientes presentaron dolor irradiado a miembro pélvico derecho en el 37.9%, miembro pélvico izquierdo 44.8% y a ambos miembros pélvicos en un 17.2%. Se presentó dolor posquirúrgico irradiado a miembro pélvico únicamente en el 2.4% siendo que el 100% de los casos presentaron algún tipo de dolor irradiado. Se utilizó espaciador DIAM en 79.3% y Wallis en 20.7% CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento con espaciador interespinoso presenta un bajo índice de reintervención y por lo menos a un año presenta mejoría significativa en el índice de incapacidad.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado em ano do uso de espaçadores dinâmicos em listese de grau I de Meyerding, utilizando a escala de incapacidade de Oswestry. MÉTODOS: Foi revisado o prontuário eletrônico e as radiografias dos pacientes, de acordo com os critérios, no período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2010, visando realizar um estudo de coortes, retrospectivo, longitudinal e observacional. RESULTADOS: O índice de Oswestry pré-cirúrgico foi de 3,4% leves, 55,2% moderados e 41,4% graves, enquanto o pós-cirúrgico foi de 79,3% leves e 20,7% moderados. A cirurgia mais realizada foi exploração e liberação, em 72,4%, sendo que 27,6% apresentaram apenas discectomia. Os pacientes tinham dor irradiada para o membro inferior direito em 37.9%, para o membro inferior esquerdo em 44,8% e para ambos os membros inferiores, em 17,2%. Verificou-se dor pós-operatória irradiada para o membro inferior só em 2,4%, sendo que 100% dos casos tinham algum tipo de dor irradiada. Foi empregado o espaçador DIAM em 79.3% e o Wallis em 20.7% CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento com espaçador interespinhoso apresenta baixo índice de re-intervenção e pelo menos em um ano, apresenta melhora significante do índice de incapacidade.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate one-year results of using dynamic spacers in listhesis grade I of Meyerding using Oswestry Disability Index. METHODS: The disability scale review was based in the electronic and radiographic history of patients according to criteria in the period from January 2008 to December 2010, in order to conduct a cohort study, retrospective, longitudinal, and observational. RESULTS: The Oswestry index before surgery was 3.4% mild, 55.2% moderate and severe 41.4%, while the postoperative was 79.3% mild and 20.7% moderate. The most common surgery performed was exploration and release in 72.4%, and only 27.6% had discectomy. Patients had pain radiating to right lower limb in 37.9%, to the left lower limb in 44.8% and to both lower extremities in 17.2%. Pain radiating to the lower limb after surgery was found only in 2.4%, and 100% of the cases had some type of radiating pain. The DIAM interspinous implant was used in 79.3%, and the Wallis in 20.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with interspinous spacer has a low rate of reoperation and at least during one year presented significant improvement in the rate of disability.

Manejo anestésico en cirugía hepática, vía biliar y de páncreas / Anesthetic management in liver surgery, biliary and pancreatic

El paciente oncológico representa un reto intelectual y físico para el médico anestesiólogo. Dentro de la complejidad del tratamiento de cáncer, la cirugía hepática, de vía biliar y páncreas requieren consideraciones especiales. La epidemiología y el tipo de neoplasias específicas de esta zona del cuerpo hacen que los tratamientos quirúrgicos sean extensos y radicales para lograr ampliar la sobrevida de los pacientes. El manejo anestésico va encaminado a corregir y optimizar las comorbilidades del paciente previo a la cirugía. El transanestésico involucra un monitoreo invasivo para estabilizar hemodinámicamente al paciente y lograr mantener en adecuado plano anestésico a lo largo del procedimiento. La revisión que a continuación se expone es una actualización sobre la epidemiología y tipo de neoplasias que se involucran en esta zona. Se recuerdan los puntos importantes del manejo anestésico desde la valoración preoperatoria hasta el postoperatorio inmediato. Por último se sugiere un manejo anestésico óptimo basado en la literatura y en consensos de expertos en pacientes con estas condiciones.

Nalbufina SP más ropivacaína versus fentanilo más ropivacaína peridural mediante bomba de infusión elastomérica para manejo de dolor postoperatorio en pacientes sometidas a histerectomía total abdominal / SP plus ropivacaine versus nalbuphine plus fentanyl epidural ropivacaine infusion by elastomeric pump for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy

Actualmente, a pesar de los avances científicos y tecnológicos en la medicina, ni el dolor agudo ni el crónico suelen recibir un tratamiento adecuado por muy diversas razones de cultura, actitud, educación, política y logística. Sin embargo, el tratamiento efectivo del dolor se considera un derecho fundamental del paciente, así como un indicador de buena práctica clínica y calidad asistencial. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas ginecológicas y especialmente las histerectomías se realizan muy frecuentemente tanto en hospitales públicos como privados; el dolor generado por este tipo de intervenciones es un desafío terapéutico para el equipo multidisciplinario. Se ha documentado que entre 40% y 70% de las pacientes refieren dolor intenso y esto es debido a que los esquemas analgésicos establecidos no logran alcanzar niveles plasmáticos adecuados o que estos solo se circunscriben a analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroides. Objetivo: en el presente trabajo decidimos comparar la calidad de analgesia mediante su uso en infusión continua peridural en las pacientes operadas de histerectomía abdominal bajo anestesia regional a fin de proponer una herramienta útil para el manejo del dolor posterior a esta frecuente cirugía en nuestro hospital. Conclusiones: el uso de nalbufina más ropivacaína versus fentanilo más ropivacaína ofrece condiciones de analgesia satisfactoria; la nalbufina presentó superioridad, la cual fue estadísticamente significativa. El infusor elastomérico garantiza la administración continua del medicamento evitando los ''picos y valles'' del uso de dosis intermitentes.

New insights into the role of spermine in Arabidopsis thaliana under long-term salt stress.

Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are traditionally implicated in the response of plants to environmental cues. Free spermine accumulation has been suggested as a particular feature of long-term salt stress, and in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana the spermine synthase gene (AtSPMS) has been reported as inducible by abscisic acid (ABA) and acute salt stress treatments. With the aim to unravel the physiological role of free spermine during salinity, we analyzed polyamine metabolism in A. thaliana salt-hypersensitive sos mutants (salt overlay sensitive; sos1-1, sos2-1 and sos3-1), and studied the salt stress tolerance of the mutants in spermine and thermospermine synthesis (acl5-1, spms-1 and acl5-1/spms-1). Results presented here indicate that induction in polyamine metabolism is a SOS-independent response to salinity and is globally over-induced in a sensitive background. In addition, under long-term salinity, the mutants in the synthesis of spermine and thermospermine (acl5-1, spms-1 and double acl5-1/spms-1) accumulated more Na(+) and performed worst than WT in survival experiments. Therefore, support is given to a role for these higher polyamines in salt tolerance mechanisms.

Nalbufina SP más ropivacaína versus fentanilo más ropivacaína peridural mediante bomba de infusión elastomérica para manejo de dolor postoperatorio en pacientes sometidas a histerectomía total abdominal

RESUMEN Actualmente, a pesar de los avances científicos y tecnológicos en la medicina, ni el dolor agudo ni el crónico suelen recibir un tratamiento adecuado por muy diversas razones de cultura, actitud, educación, política y logística. Sin embargo, el tratamiento efectivo del dolor se considera un derecho fundamental del paciente, así como un indicador de buena práctica clínica y calidad asistencial. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas ginecológicas y especialmente las histerectomías se realizan muy frecuentemente tanto en hospitales públicos como privados; el dolor generado por este tipo de intervenciones es un desafío terapéutico para el equipo multidisciplinario. Se ha documentado que entre 40% y 70% de las pacientes refieren dolor intenso y esto es debido a que los esquemas analgésicos establecidos no logran alcanzar niveles plasmáticos adecuados o que estos solo se circunscriben a analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroides. Objetivo: en el presente trabajo decidimos comparar la calidad de analgesia mediante su uso en infusión continua peridural en las pacientes operadas de histerectomía abdominal bajo anestesia regional a fin de proponer una herramienta útil para el manejo del dolor posterior a esta frecuente cirugía en nuestro hospital. Conclusiones: el uso de nalbufina más ropivacaína versus fentanilo más ropivacaína ofrece condiciones de analgesia satisfactoria; la nalbufina presentó superioridad, la cual fue estadísticamente significativa. El infusor elastomérico garantiza la administración continua del medicamento evitando los ''picos y valles'' del uso de dosis intermitentes.

SUMMARY Despite the scientific and technological advances in medicine, neither acute nor the chronic pain often receive appropriate treatment for various reasons. Effective treatment of pain is considered a fundamental right of the patient, and an indicator of good clinical practice and quality of care. The gynecological surgeries, especially hysterectomies are performed very frequently, both in public and private hospitals, while the pain generated by this type of intervention is a therapeutic challenge for the multidisciplinary team. 40%-70% of patients report severe pain and this is because the established analgesic schemes fail to achieve adequate plasmatic levels or that these are only limited to NSAIDs. The present work compares the quality of analgesia using a continuous epidural infusion, after abdominal hysterectomy operated under regional anesthesia, in order to propose a useful tool for pain management after surgery in our hospital . Conclusions: the use of fentanyl versus ropivacaine versus nalbuphine with ropivacaine provides satisfactory analgesia conditions. In a closer look nalbuphine present superiority which was statistically significant. The elastomeric infuser ensures continuous administration of medication to avoid ''peaks and valleys'' in the regular use of of intermittent doses.

RESUMO Atualmente, apesar dos avances científicos e tecnológicos na medicina, a dor aguda nem a dor crônica tem recebido um tratamento apropriado, por diversas razoes: culturais, de atitude, educacional, política e logística. Entretanto, o tratamento efetivo da dor considera-se um direito fundamental do paciente, do mesmo modo um indicador de boa pratica clinica e qualidade assistencial. As intervenções cirúrgicas ginecológicas em especial as histerectomias som realizadas muito frequentemente, tanto em hospitais públicos como particulares e a dor provocada e um desafio terapêutico para a equipe multidisciplinar, porém, apesar das diferentes modalidades existentes para atingir boa analgesia, esta não é controlada satisfatoriamente. que apesar das diferentes modalidades existentes para alcançar analgesia, não se controla satisfatoriamente. Relata-se que entre 40% a 70 % dos pacientes referem dor intensa e isto é devido ao fato de que os esquemas analgésicos estabelecidos não atingem níveis plasmáticos adequados o que simplesmente se prescreve são analgésicos antiinflamatórios não esteroides. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a qualidade da analgesia da infusão continua peridural, em pacientes post-cirúrgicas de histerectomias abdominal com anestesia regional, tendo a finalidade de propôr uma ferramenta útil para o alivio da dor de uma das cirurgias que se realiza mais frequentemente em nosso hospital. Conclusões: o uso de nalbufina mas ropivacaina versus fentanyl mas ropivacaina oferece condições de analgesia satisfatória. A mistura com nalbufina apresenta superioridade estatisticamente significativa. O infusor elastomérico garante uma administração continua do fármaco, evitando as concentrações variáveis do uso de doses intermitentes.

Manejo anestésico en cirugía hepática, vía biliar y de páncreas

RESUMEN El paciente oncológico representa un reto intelectual y físico para el médico anestesiólogo. Dentro de la complejidad del tratamiento de cáncer, la cirugía hepática, de vía biliar y páncreas requieren consideraciones especiales. La epidemiología y el tipo de neoplasias específicas de esta zona del cuerpo hacen que los tratamientos quirúrgicos sean extensos y radicales para lograr ampliar la sobrevida de los pacientes. El manejo anestésico va encaminado a corregir y optimizar las comorbilidades del paciente previo a la cirugía. El transanestésico involucra un monitoreo invasivo para estabilizar hemodinámicamente al paciente y lograr mantener en adecuado plano anestésico a lo largo del procedimiento. La revisión que a continuación se expone es una actualización sobre la epidemiología y tipo de neoplasias que se involucran en esta zona. Se recuerdan los puntos importantes del manejo anestésico desde la valoración preoperatoria hasta el postoperatorio inmediato. Por último se sugiere un manejo anestésico óptimo basado en la literatura y en consensos de expertos en pacientes con estas condiciones.

SUMMARY Cancer patients are an intellectual and physical challenge for the anesthesiologist. Within the complexity of cancer treatment, surgery of liver, bile duct and pancreas requiere special attention. The specific types of neoplasmas in this area of the body along with their unique epidemiology, make surgical treatments to be radical with the objective of achieving a longer expectation of life. The anesthetic management is aimed to correct and optimize the patient´s comorbidities prior and during surgery. This involves invasive hemodynamic monitoring to keep the patient in an adequate level of anesthesia and stable in their neurologic, renal and cardiovascular variables. The review that is set out below is an update of the types of tumoral diseases that involve this area. Key points are being highlighted regarding the anesthetic management from the preoperative assessment until the inmmediate postoperative period.Finally we suggest an optimal anesthetic procedure based on literature and expert consensus in patients with these conditions.http://jaf.com.uy/2012/07/16/parador-al-aire-libre-en-pueblo-centenario/.

RESUMO O paciente oncológico apresenta um desafio intelectual e físico para o médico anestesiologista. Dentro da complexidade do tratamento, a cirurgia hepática, de via biliar, e pâncreas, requer considerações especiais. A epidemiologia, e o tipo de neoplasia especifica desta região do corpo, fazem com que os tratamentos cirúrgicos sejam extensos e radicais para conseguir uma maior sobrevida. O manejo anestésico visa a corrigir e diminuir as co-morbilidades do paciente previamente à cirurgia. O trans-anestésico obriga a um monitoramento invasivo para estabilizar hemodinamicamente o paciente e conseguir manter um adequado plano anestésico durante o procedimento. Nesta revisão continuada se expõe, uma atualizaçao da epidemiologia e o tipo de neoplasias que se envolvem nesta região. Recordam-se os pontos importantes do manejo anestésico desde a avaliação pré-operatório até o pós-operatório imediato. Por último se sugere um manejo anestésico ótimo fundamentado na literatura e no consenso de expertos em pacientes com estas condições.

Homeostatic control of polyamine levels under long-term salt stress in Arabidopsis: changes in putrescine content do not alleviate ionic toxicity.

Salt stress has been frequently studied in its first osmotic phase. Very often, data regarding the second ionic phase is missing. It has also been suggested that Putrescine or/and Spermine could be responsible for salt resistance. In order to test this hypothesis under long-term salt stress, we obtained Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants harboring pRD29A::oatADC or pRD29A::GUS construction. Although Putrescine was the only polyamine significantly increased after salt acclimation in pRD29A::oatADC transgenic lines, this rendered in no advantage to this kind of stress. The higher Spermine levels found in WT and transgenic lines when compared to control conditions along with no increment on Putrescine levels in WT plants under salt acclimation, leads us to analyze Spermine effect on pADC1 and pADC2 expression. Increasing levels of this polyamine inhibits these promoters expression while enhances pRD29A expression, making Spermine the polyamine responsible for salt acclimation, and the transgenic lines developed in this work suitable for studying Putrescine roles in conditions where its biosynthesis would be inhibited in the WT genotype.