ABSTRACT
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The regulatory mechanisms underlying gastric cancer cell proliferation are largely unclear. Here, we show that the transcription factor GFI1 is associated with advanced clinical gastric cancer progression and promoted gastric cancer cell proliferation partially through inhibition of gastrokine-2 (GKN2) transcription. GFI1 was a degrading substrate of FBXW7, whose loss was observed in gastric cancer. Mechanistically, GSK3ß-mediated GFI1 S94/S98 phosphorylation triggered its interaction with FBXW7, resulting in SCFFBXW7-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. A nondegradable GFI1 S94A/S98A mutant was more potent in driving gastric cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis than wild-type GFI1. Overall, this study reveals the oncogenic role of GFI1 in gastric cancer and provides mechanistic insights into the tumor suppressor function of FBXW7. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate the oncogenic role of the transcription factor GFI1 and the tumor suppressive function of FBXW7 in gastric cancer.
Subject(s)
DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , F-Box-WD Repeat-Containing Protein 7/metabolism , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/metabolism , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Animals , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Cell Proliferation , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/genetics , Humans , Male , Mice, Nude , Phosphorylation , Serine/metabolism , Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism , Transcription Factors/genetics , Ubiquitination , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Metastasis is the dominant cause of patient death in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying SCLC metastasis may potentially improve clinical treatment. Through genome-scale screening for key regulators of mouse Rb1-/- Trp53-/- SCLC metastasis using the pooled CRISPR/Cas9 library, we identified Cullin5 (CUL5) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), two components of the Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, as top candidates. Mechanistically, the deficiency of CUL5 or SOCS3 disrupted the functional formation of the E3 ligase complex and prevented the degradation of integrin ß1, which stabilized integrin ß1 and activated downstream focal adhesion kinase/SRC (FAK/SRC) signaling and eventually drove SCLC metastasis. Low expression levels of CUL5 and SOCS3 were significantly associated with high integrin ß1 levels and poor prognosis in a large cohort of 128 clinical patients with SCLC. Moreover, the CUL5-deficient SCLCs were vulnerable to the treatment of the FDA-approved SRC inhibitor dasatinib. Collectively, this work identifies the essential role of CUL5- and SOCS3-mediated integrin ß1 turnover in controlling SCLC metastasis, which might have therapeutic implications.
Subject(s)
Cullin Proteins/genetics , Integrin beta1 , Lung Neoplasms , Neoplasm Proteins , Neoplasms, Experimental , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma , Animals , Cullin Proteins/metabolism , HEK293 Cells , HeLa Cells , Humans , Integrin beta1/genetics , Integrin beta1/metabolism , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Knockout , Mice, Nude , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics , Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Protein Stability , Signal Transduction/genetics , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/genetics , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/metabolism , Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/pathologyABSTRACT
The X-linked deubiquitinase, USP9X, is implicated in multiple cancers by targeting various substrates. Increased expression of USP9X is observed in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is correlated with poor prognosis. However, the molecular mechanism for USP9X regulation of tumor cell survival and tumorigenesis in NSCLC is less defined. Methods: In this study, chemical labeling, quantitative proteomic screening was applied to analyze A549 cells with or without USP9X RNA interference. Functional in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to confirm the oncogenic effects of USP9X in NSCLC and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results: The resulting data suggested that dual specificity protein kinase TTK is a potential substrate of USP9X. Further experimental evidences confirmed that USP9X stabilized TTK via direct interaction and efficient deubiquitination of TTK on K48 ubiquitin chain. Moreover, knockdown of USP9X or TTK inhibited cell proliferation, migration and tumorigenesis, and the immunohistochemical analysis of clinical NSCLC samples showed that the protein expression levels of USP9X and TTK were significantly elevated and positively correlated in tumor tissues. Conclusions: In summary, our data demonstrated that the USP9X-TTK axis may play a critical role in NSCLC, and could be considered as a potential therapeutic target.
