Knockdown of METTL16 disrupts learning and memory by reducing the stability of MAT2A mRNA.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is abundant in the mammalian brain and is considered to have a wide range of effects on learning and memory. Here, we found that the upregulated methyltransferase-like protein 16 (METTL16) in the hippocampal tissues of Morris water maze (MWM)-trained mice contributed to improved memory formation and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Mechanismly, METTL16 promoted the expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) by the m6A methylation of the MAT2A mRNA-3'UTR-end to increase its stability, and this involved in improving hippocampal global m6A levels, plasticity of dendritic spine, learning and memory. This study provides a new perspective to explore the regulatory mechanisms of m6A for learning and memory.

Effects of membrane androgen receptor binding on synaptic plasticity in primary hippocampal neurons.

Androgens play an important role in the regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. While the classical molecular mechanism of androgen's genomic activity is their binding to intracellular androgen receptors (iARs), they can also induce rapid non-genomic effects through specific membrane androgen receptors (mARs). In this study, we aimed to localize and characterize these mARs in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Specific punctate fluorescent signals on the cell surface, observed by testosterone-fetal bovine serum albumin conjugated fluorescein isothiocyanate (T-BSA-FITC), indicated the presence of mARs in hippocampal neurons. T-BSA-FITC binding to the cell membrane was incompletely blocked by the iAR-antagonist flutamide, and mAR binding site was competitively bound by free testosterone (T). Most neurons expressing androgen membrane binding sites are glutamatergic (excitatory), although several are γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic (inhibitory). Confocal microscopy and live-cell imaging techniques were used to observe the real-time rapid effects of androgens on hippocampal dendritic spine morphology. Immunofluorescence cell staining was used to observe their effects on the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synapsin (SYN) synaptic markers. While androgens did not cause a short-term increase in dendritic spine density of rat primary hippocampal neurons, they promoted the transformation of dendritic spines from thin to mushroom, promoted dendritic spine maturation, increased dendritic spine surface area, and rapidly increased PSD95 and SYN expression in the primary hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal synaptosomes were prepared using the Optiprep and Percoll density gradient two-step centrifuge methods, and the gene expression profiles of the synaptosomes and hippocampus were compared using a gene chip; PSD95 mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Several mRNAs were detected at the synaptic site, including PSD95. Finally, the Venus-PSD95 plasmid was constructed and transfected into HT22 cells, which is a mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line. The real-time effect of androgen on synaptic protein PSD95 was observed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments, which involved the translation process of PSD95 mRNA. In conclusion, our findings increased our understanding of how androgens exert the neuroprotective mechanisms on synaptic plasticity.