Transcriptomic and proteomic strategies to reveal the mechanism of Gymnocypris przewalskii scale development.

BACKGROUND: Fish scales are typical products of biomineralization and play an important role in the adaptation of fish to their environment. The Gymnocypris przewalskii scales are highly specialized, with scales embedded in only specific parts of the dermis, such as the areas around the anal fin and branchiostegite, making G. przewalskii an ideal material for biomineralization research. In this study, we aimed to unveil genes and pathways controlling scale formation through an integrated analysis of both transcriptome and proteome, of which G. przewalskii tissues of the dorsal skin (no scales) and the rump side skin (with scales) were sequenced. The sequencing results were further combined with cellular experiments to clarify the relationship between genes and signaling pathways. RESULTS: The results indicated the following: (1) a total of 4,904 differentially expressed genes were screened out, including 3,294 upregulated genes and 1,610 downregulated genes (with a filtering threshold of |log2Fold-Change|> 1 and p-adjust < 0.05). The identified differentially expressed genes contained family members such as FGF, EDAR, Wnt10, and bmp. (2) A total of 535 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were filtered out from the proteome, with 204 DEPs downregulated and 331 DEPs upregulated (with a filtering threshold of |Fold-Change|> 1.5 and p < 0.05). (3) Integrated analyses of transcriptome and proteome revealed that emefp1, col1a1, col6a2, col16a1, krt8, and krt18 were important genes contributing to scale development and that PI3K-AKT was the most important signaling pathway involved. (4) With the use of the constructed G. przewalskii fibroblast cell line, emefp1, col1a1, col6a2, col16a1, krt8, and krt18 were confirmed to be positively regulated by the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: This study provides experimental evidence for PI3K-AKT controlled scale development in G. przewalskii and would benefit further study on stress adaptation, scale biomineralization, and the development of skin appendages.

Explosive strength of the lower limbs in rope skipping exercise applied to children and adolescents / Força explosiva dos membros inferiores no exercício de pular corda aplicado às crianças e adolescentes / Fuerza explosiva de los miembros inferiores en el ejercicio de salto de cuerda aplicado a niños y adolescentes

ABSTRACT Introduction: The physical health of children and adolescents is directly related to school physical training quality. The improvement of adult sports effectiveness results from a concise protocol with standardized exercises. Rope skipping exercise lacks kinematic studies applied to children and adolescents. Objective: Provide a theoretical reference for jump rope exercise training for children and adolescents. Methods: Eight children aged six to eight years old were recruited to jump at a frequency of 80 and 120 jumps per minute controlled by a metronome. The technique was divided into three stages: impulse, suspension, and landing. Control in the knee joint exoskeleton balance was investigated by computerized baropodometry with differentiation of rotational angular velocity by rotational angular acceleration via Butterworth filter. After noise cleaning and multiplication, an adjustable amplification factor returned to the inlet with inertial compensation torque. Results: Initially, the impulsing force is about three times the individual's gravity. This value and the center of mass acceleration decrease in time. The initial force is proportional to the velocity of its decrease during the impulse, and the opposite occurs with the landing force. Higher intensity is observed when raising the frequency. Conclusion: The fluctuation in the force curve in the landing phase after 20 jumps indicates low muscle strength in lower limbs to maintain activity. A speed of 80 jumps per minute controlled by music in a playful environment is recommended for children. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução: A saúde física das crianças e adolescentes está diretamente relacionada à qualidade do treinamento físico escolar. O aprimoramento da eficácia esportiva adulta é resultado de um protocolo conciso com exercícios padronizados. O exercício de pular corda carece de estudos cinemáticos aplicados em crianças e adolescentes. Objetivo: Fornecer uma referência teórica para o treinamento físico de pular corda para crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Foram recrutadas 8 crianças com idade entre 6 a 8 anos para saltos em frequência de 80 e 120 pulos por minuto controlados por um metrônomo. A técnica foi dividida em três estágios: impulso, suspensão e pouso. O controle no balanço do exoesqueleto articular do joelho foi pesquisado por baropodometria computadorizada com diferenciação de velocidade angular rotacional pela aceleração angular rotacional via filtro de Butterworth, após limpeza de ruídos e multiplicação por fator de amplificação ajustável, devolvidos à entrada de admissão com torque de compensação inercial. Resultados: Inicialmente, a força de impulso é cerca de três vezes a gravidade de cada indivíduo. Esse valor e a aceleração do centro de massa diminuem com o tempo. A força inicial é proporcional a velocidade da sua diminuição durante o impulso, ocorrendo o inverso com a força de pouso. Observa-se uma maior intensidade ao elevar a frequência. Conclusão: A flutuação na curva de força na fase de pouso após 20 pulos indica baixa força muscular em membros inferiores para manter a atividade. Recomenda-se a velocidade de 80 pulos por minuto controlada por música em ambiente lúdico para crianças. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: La salud física de los niños y adolescentes está directamente relacionada con la calidad del entrenamiento físico escolar. La mejora de la eficacia deportiva del adulto es el resultado de un protocolo conciso con ejercicios estandarizados. El ejercicio de salto de cuerda carece de estudios cinemáticos aplicados a niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: Proporcionar una referencia teórica para el entrenamiento de ejercicios de salto de cuerda para niños y adolescentes. Métodos: Ocho niños de entre 6 y 8 años fueron reclutados para saltar a una frecuencia de 80 y 120 saltos por minuto controlados por un metrónomo. La técnica se dividió en tres etapas: impulso, suspensión y aterrizaje. El control sobre el equilibrio del exoesqueleto de la articulación de la rodilla se investigó mediante baropodometría computarizada con diferenciación de la velocidad angular rotacional por la aceleración angular rotacional a través del filtro Butterworth, después de la limpieza del ruido y la multiplicación por el factor de amplificación ajustable, devuelto a la entrada con par de compensación inercial. Resultados: Inicialmente, la fuerza de empuje es aproximadamente tres veces la gravedad de cada individuo. Este valor y la aceleración del centro de masa disminuyen con el tiempo. La fuerza inicial es proporcional a la velocidad de su disminución durante el impulso, y lo contrario ocurre con la fuerza de aterrizaje. Se observa una mayor intensidad al aumentar la frecuencia. Conclusión: La fluctuación de la curva de fuerza en la fase de aterrizaje tras 20 saltos indica una baja fuerza muscular en los miembros inferiores para mantener la actividad. Se recomienda una velocidad de 80 saltos por minuto controlada por la música en un entorno lúdico para los niños. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

An improved genetic algorithm and its application in neural network adversarial attack.

The choice of crossover and mutation strategies plays a crucial role in the searchability, convergence efficiency and precision of genetic algorithms. In this paper, a novel improved genetic algorithm is proposed by improving the crossover and mutation operation of the simple genetic algorithm, and it is verified by 15 test functions. The qualitative results show that, compared with three other mainstream swarm intelligence optimization algorithms, the algorithm can not only improve the global search ability, convergence efficiency and precision, but also increase the success rate of convergence to the optimal value under the same experimental conditions. The quantitative results show that the algorithm performs superiorly in 13 of the 15 tested functions. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for statistical evaluation, showing the significant advantage of the algorithm at 95% confidence intervals. Finally, the algorithm is applied to neural network adversarial attacks. The applied results show that the method does not need the structure and parameter information inside the neural network model, and it can obtain the adversarial samples with high confidence in a brief time just by the classification and confidence information output from the neural network.