Role of ESCCAL-1 in regulating exocytosis of AuNPs in human esophageal squamous carcinoma cells.

Exocytosis is a critical factor for designing efficient nanocarriers and determining cytotoxicity. However, the research on the exocytosis mechanism of nanoparticles, especially the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), has not been reported. In this study, the exocytosis of AuNPs in the KYSE70 cells and the involved molecular pathways of exocytosis are analyzed. It demonstrates that nanoparticles underwent time-dependent release from the cells by exocytosis, and the release of ß-hexosaminidase confirms that AuNPs are excreted through lysosomes. Mechanistic studies reveal that lncRNA ESCCAL-1 plays a vital role in controlling the exocytosis of AuNPs through activation of the MAPK pathway, including the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. The study implies that the ESCCAL-1-mediated pathway plays an important role in the exocytosis of AuNPs in KYSE70 cells. This finding has implications for the role of ESCCAL-1 on the drug resistance of esophagus cancer by controlling lysosome-mediated exocytosis.

NSUN6 mediates 5-methylcytosine modification of METTL3 and promotes colon adenocarcinoma progression.

Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a common and fatal malignant tumor of digestive system with complex etiology. 5-Methylcytosine (m5C) modification of RNA by the NSUN gene family (NSUN1-NSUN7) and DNMT2 reshape cell biology and regulate tumor development. However, the expression profile, prognostic significance and function of these m5C modifiers in COAD remain largely unclear. By mining multiple integrated tumor databases, we found that NSUN1, NSUN2, NSUN5, and NSUN6 were overexpressed in COAD tumor samples relative to normal samples. Clinically, high expression of NSUN6 was significantly associated with shorter survival (including both disease-free survival and overall survival) in COAD patients. NSUN6 was further confirmed to be upregulated at both tissue and cellular levels of COAD, suggesting that NSUN6 plays a critical role in disease progression. Through comprehensive gene enrichment analysis and cell-based functional validation, it was revealed that NSUN6 promoted the cell cycle progression and cell proliferation of COAD. Mechanistically, NSUN6 upregulates the expression of oncogenic METTL3 and catalyzes its m5C modification in COAD cells. Overexpression of METTL3 significantly relieved the cell cycle inhibition of COAD caused by NSUN6 deficiency. Furthermore, NSUN6 was negatively associated with the abundance of infiltrating immune cells in COAD tumors, such as activated B cells, natural killer cells, effector memory CD8 T cells, and regulatory T cells. Importantly, pan-cancer analysis further uncovered that NSUN6 was dysregulated and heterogeneous in various tumors. Thus our findings extend the role of m5C transferase in COAD and suggest that NSUN6 is a potential biomarker and target for this malignancy.

Quercetin attenuates inflammation in LPS-induced lung epithelial cells via the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under five, and kill almost two million children each year. Quercetin, a flavonoid polyphenolic compound, exerts many beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammatory functions. Our study aimed to investigate the possibility of quercetin as a therapeutic agent for pneumonia and its role in the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: LPS induced human alveolar epithelial cell A549 as a lung inflammation model in vitro. The effects of quercetin on the production of cytokines and the expression of related-proteins were detected by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay and Western Blot, respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to detect cell viability. flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis. NO levels were also analyzed through NO kit. RESULTS: Our results found that quercetin attenuated the release of IL-1ß, IL-6, PGE2, and nitrite in LPS-induced A549 cells. In addition, quercetin inhibits cell apoptosis and relieves ROS generation in LPS-induced A549 cells. Quercetin also inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB activation. They have upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) and HO-1. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these results suggested that quercetin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in A549 by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

N6-methyladenosine-induced METTL1 promotes tumor proliferation via CDK4.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and N7-methylguanosine (m7G) modification of RNA represent two major intracellular post-transcriptional regulation modes of gene expression. However, the crosstalk of these two epigenetic modifications in tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that m6A methyltransferase METTL3-mediated METTL1 promotes cell proliferation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) through m7G modification of the cell-cycle regulator CDK4. By mining the database GEPIA, METTL1 was shown to be up-regulated in a broad spectrum of human cancers and correlated with patient clinical outcomes, particularly in HNSC. Mechanistically, METTL3 methylates METTL1 mRNA and mediates its elevation in HNSC via m6A. Functionally, over-expression of METTL1 enhances HNSC cell growth and facilitates cell-cycle progress, while METTL1 knockdown represses these biological behaviors. Moreover, METTL1 physically binds to CDK4 transcript and regulates its m7G modification level to stabilize CDK4. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of METTL1 knockdown on the proliferation of HNSC, esophageal cancer (ESCA), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) were significantly mitigated by over-expression of CDK4. Taken together, this study expands the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and identifies the METTL1/CDK4 axis as a potential therapeutic target for digestive system tumors.

Research on Electromagnetic Radiation Mechanism during Detonation of Energetic Material.

In the process of deflagration of energetic materials, strong electromagnetic radiation is generated, which causes the surrounding electronic equipment to fail to work normally. To solve this problem, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism of electromagnetic radiation generated by energetic materials. The mechanism of plasma changed by the deflagration of energetic materials is an important topic in the aerospace and geophysics fields. The academic community holds two main viewpoints on the mechanism of electromagnetic radiation generated by energetic materials: one is that the solid material is squeezed and deformed during the deflagration of energetic materials, and the charges of different polarities rub in space to form effective electric dipoles, which eventually generate electromagnetic radiation. Another view is that the deflagration of energetic materials causes the temperature of the medium to rise sharply, and bremsstrahlung is formed during the compression and diffusion of the high-temperature wave front, resulting in the generation of electromagnetic radiation. This paper, based on theoretical analysis and experimental data, holds the view that electromagnetic radiation is generated by the high-temperature thermal effect. It studies the relationship between temperature and electromagnetic radiation and obtains quantitative analysis conclusions.

ESCCAL-1 promotes cell-cycle progression by interacting with and stabilizing galectin-1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play important roles in the development of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Our previous studies have shown that knockdown of LncRNA ESCCAL-1 expression inhibits the growth of ESCC cells, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that over-expression of ESCCAL-1 promotes ESCC cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression by blocking ubiquitin-mediated degradation of an oncoprotein galectin-1 (Gal-1). Multiple LncRNA expression datasets as well as our own data together reveal that ESCCAL-1 is evidently up-regulated in ESCC tissues and exhibits promising diagnostic value. Over-expression of ESCCAL-1 augmented ESCC cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression, whereas down-regulation of ESCCAL-1 resulted in the opposite effects. Mechanistically, LncRNA ESCCAL-1 directly binds to Gal-1 and positively regulates its protein level without affecting its mRNA level. Up-regulation of Gal-1 facilitated ESCC cell proliferation and cell-cycle progress. Knockdown of Gal-1 mitigated the effects of ESCCAL-1-mediated high cellular proliferation, NF-κB signaling activation and tumorigenicity of ESCC cells. Thus, our findings provide novel insight into the mechanism by which ESCCAL-1 facilitates ESCC tumorigenesis and cell-cycle progression by interacting with and stabilizing Gal-1 protein, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for ESCC.

High expression of HOXB3 predicts poor prognosis and correlates with tumor immunity in lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most prevalent human cancers worldwide. The homeobox-B (HOXB) gene cluster has been reported to contribute to cancer development. Nevertheless, the expression status, clinical significance and biological role of HOXB genes in LUAD remain largely unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study comprehensively investigated the transcriptional levels and prognostic values of the HOXB genes in LUAD based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Flow cytometry, CCK-8, and Transwell assays were used for detecting apoptosis, proliferation, and migration, respectively. We discovered that eight members of the HOXB cluster genes (HOXB2, HOXB3, HOXB4, HOXB6, HOXB7, HOXB8, HOXB9, and HOXB13) were dysregulated in LUAD tumor tissues. Increased expression of HOXB3, HOXB6, HOXB7, HOXB8, or HOXB9 was independently associated with unsatisfactory overall survival (OS) in LUAD patients. In addition, a high level of HOXB3 also predicted poor patient relapse-free survival (RFS), suggesting that HOXB3 may play a vital role in the progression of LUAD compared to other members of the HOXB cluster. Additionally, further analysis by TIMER and TISIDB algorithms revealed that HOXB3 was positively correlated with a panel of immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and tumor immune regulators (TIRs). Gene enrichment analysis based on KEGG showed that HOXB3 was closely associated with multiple tumor-related biological processes and signaling pathways. Functionally, the in vitro experiments revealed that depletion of HOXB3 significantly alleviated the resistance of LUAD cells to apoptosis, and suppressed cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that HOXB3 may play an oncogenic role in LUAD and correlate with tumor immunity.

Study on Electromagnetic Radiation Interference Caused by Rocket Fuel.

During the launch and return of a spacecraft, the intense combustion of propellants generates strong electromagnetic radiation, which interferes with the operation of electronic equipment in the spacecraft. To improve the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic equipment in spacecraft, it is necessary to study the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of rocket fuel. An electromagnetic radiation measurement system based on antennas is designed to measure the electromagnetic radiation generated by rocket fuel, and the electromagnetic radiation characteristics are obtained through data analysis. The mechanism of the electromagnetic radiation generated by rocket fuel is comprehensively analysed through the spatial, time-domain, frequency-domain, and energy-domain characteristics. A characterization model is established to provide a reliable scheme for evaluating the influence of rocket fuel electromagnetic radiation on electronic equipment in spacecraft.

RNA m6A demethylase FTO-mediated epigenetic up-regulation of LINC00022 promotes tumorigenesis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) controls cell proliferation and plays a significant role in the initiation and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification now is recognized as a master driver of RNA function to maintain homeostasis in cancer cells. However, how m6A regulates LncRNA function and its role in tumorigenesis of ESCC remain unclear. METHODS: Multiple ESCC datasets were used to analyze gene expression in tumor tissues and normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier method and the ROC curve were conducted to evaluate the prognostic value and diagnostic value of LINC00022 in ESCC, respectively. Both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments were employed to investigate the effects of LINC00022 on ESCC growth in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis, colorimetric m6A assay, RIP, MeRIP and co-IP was performed to explore the epigenetic mechanism of LINC00022 up-regulation in ESCC. RESULTS: Here we report that m6A demethylation of LncRNA LINC00022 by fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) promotes tumor growth of ESCC in vivo. Clinically, we revealed that LINC00022 was up-regulated in primary ESCC samples and was predictive of poor clinical outcome for ESCC patients. Mechanistically, LINC00022 directly binds to p21 protein and promotes its ubiquitination-mediated degradation, thereby facilitating cell-cycle progression and proliferation. Further, the elevated FTO in ESCC decreased m6A methylation of LINC00022 transcript, leading to the inhibition of LINC00022 decay via the m6A reader YTHDF2. Over-expression of FTO was shown to drive LINC00022-dependent cell proliferation and tumor growth of ESCC. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, this study demonstrated m6A-mediated epigenetic modification of LncRNA contributes to the tumorigenesis in ESCC and LINC00022, specific target of m6A, serves as a potential biomarker for this malignancy.

HOXD1 functions as a novel tumor suppressor in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma.

Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is a common malignant tumor in human genitourinary system. Previous studies have shown that the homeobox-D (HOXD) cluster genes, which belong to the homeobox (HOX) family, are involved in the progression of multiple types of cancer. However, the expression profile and prognostic values of the HOXD genes in KIRC remain largely unknown. Herein, we comprehensively analyzed the transcriptional levels and prognosis of HOXD genes in KIRC using four online The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis databases (GEPIA, UALCAN, starBase v3.0, and LinkedOmics). We found that several members of the HOXD gene family were abnormally expressed in KIRC and correlated with patient prognosis. The messenger RNA levels of HOXD1, HOXD8, and HOXD10 were significantly downregulated in KIRC tissues as compared with the normal tissues. Low expression of HOXD1 or HOXD8 predicted poor overall survival (OS) of KIRC patients, and downregulated HOXD1, HOXD3, or HOXD4 indicated unfavorable patient disease-free survival (DFS) in KIRC. Through integrated analysis, we found that HOXD1 was lowly expressed in KIRC and correlated with patient OS, DFS and advanced tumor stages. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis showed that HOXD1 may be mainly implicated in cell cycle regulation, tumor growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and Wnt signaling pathways in KIRC. Furthermore, both loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that HOXD1 inhibited cell proliferation, cell cycle and the TGF-ß signaling in KIRC. Taken together, our findings suggest that HOXD1 is a novel potential tumor suppressor in KIRC.

TFAP2A-induced SLC2A1-AS1 promotes cancer cell proliferation.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and development of human cancers including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). SLC2A1-AS1 is a novel lncRNA that has been reported to be exceptionally expressed in several cancer types. However, the expression and role of SLC2A1-AS1 in cancer remains largely unclear. In this study, it was revealed that lncRNA SLC2A1-AS1 was notably over-expressed in LUAD and was closely correlated with patients' overall survival (OS). Knockdown of SLC2A1-AS1 could significantly restrain cell proliferation of LUAD in vitro, while over-expression of SLC2A1-AS1 had the accelerative effect. SLC2A1-AS1 enriched in the cytoplasm of LUAD cells could directly bind to miR-508-5p and negatively regulate its level. The inhibitory effect of miR-508-5p on LUAD cell proliferation was in part abrogated by SLC2A1-AS1 manipulation. Moreover, the transcription factor activating enhancer binding protein 2 α (TFAP2A) was highly expressed in LUAD and predicted worse patients' OS. TFAP2A could directly bind to the promoter region of SLC2A1-AS1 encoding gene and positively regulate the transcription of SLC2A1-AS1 in LUAD cells. Furthermore, TFAP2A-induced SLC2A1-AS1 promoted cell proliferation of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). Collectively, these findings suggest that TFAP2A-mediated lncRNA SLC2A1-AS1 works as an oncogene to drive cancer cell proliferation.

Pan-cancer analysis identifies ESM1 as a novel oncogene for esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies highlight the crucial role of endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM1) in the development of multiple cancer types. However, its aberrant expression and prognostic value in human pan-cancer have largely not been described. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analysis databases to explore the expression level and prognostic significance of ESM1 in 33 types of human cancer. ESM1 was shown to be over-expressed in 12 cancer types, including BLCA, BRCA, COAD, CHOL, ESCA, HNSC, KIRC, KICH, LIHC, STAD, THCA, and UCEC. The expression of ESM1 was significantly correlated with the overall survival (OS) of patients in CESC, ESCA, KIRC, and KIRP. In addition, high ESM1 level indicated poor disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with ACC, ESCA, PRAD, LIHC, KIRP, and UCS. Through comparative analysis, we discovered that ESM1 was dramatically up-regulated in esophageal cancer (ESCA) and associated with worse patient OS and DFS. The elevation of ESM1 in ESCA was confirmed by the datasets from Cancer RNA-Seq Nexus (CRN) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Based on Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), we analyzed the co-expressed genes of ESM1 in ESCA, and found that ESM1 was closely implicated in cell proliferation and migration and the regulation of Janus kinase (JAK) signaling pathway. Functionally, knockdown of ESM1 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and migration, and decreased the protein level of JAK1. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results suggest for the first time that ESM1 functions as an oncogene and may be a clinical biomarker and/or therapeutic target in ESCA.

Long non-coding RNA ESCCAL-1 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by down regulating the negative regulator of APOBEC3G.

The expression of lncRNA ESCCAL-1 is upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the molecular pathways regulated by ESCCAL-1 in esophageal cancer remain obscure. We found that high expression of the lncRNA ESCCAL-1 in human ESCC tumors correlated with worse clinicopathologic features. Furthermore, depletion of ESCCAL-1 in ESCC models inhibited the cellular processes associated with malignancy, including proliferation, migration and invasion, resistance to apoptosis, and impaired tumor growth in mice. Using a combinatorial approach, we discovered that ESCCAL-1 regulates malignant phenotypes in ESCC by acting as a molecular sponge for miR-590-3p. This interaction prevents miR-590-3p from suppressing APOBEC3G expression. Increased APOBEC3G was also a biomarker of worse clinicopathologic features in human ESCC tumors. Depletion of ESSCAL-1 or APOBEC3G, or overexpression of miR-590-3p resulted in increased apoptosis due to downregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling. This study demonstrates that the lncRNA ESCCAL-1 promotes malignant features of ESCC by relieving the inhibitory effect of miR-590-3p on APOBEC3G expression and identifies potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets to improve ESCC treatment outcomes.

Cache-Based Privacy Preserving Solution for Location and Content Protection in Location-Based Services.

Location-Based Services (LBSs) are playing an increasingly important role in people's daily activities nowadays. While enjoying the convenience provided by LBSs, users may lose privacy since they report their personal information to the untrusted LBS server. Although many approaches have been proposed to preserve users' privacy, most of them just focus on the user's location privacy, but do not consider the query privacy. Moreover, many existing approaches rely heavily on a trusted third-party (TTP) server, which may suffer from a single point of failure. To solve the problems above, in this paper we propose a Cache-Based Privacy-Preserving (CBPP) solution for users in LBSs. Different from the previous approaches, the proposed CBPP solution protects location privacy and query privacy simultaneously, while avoiding the problem of TTP server by having users collaborating with each other in a mobile peer-to-peer (P2P) environment. In the CBPP solution, each user keeps a buffer in his mobile device (e.g., smartphone) to record service data and acts as a micro TTP server. When a user needs LBSs, he sends a query to his neighbors first to seek for an answer. The user only contacts the LBS server when he cannot obtain the required service data from his neighbors. In this way, the user reduces the number of queries sent to the LBS server. We argue that the fewer queries are submitted to the LBS server, the less the user's privacy is exposed. To users who have to send live queries to the LBS server, we employ the l-diversity, a powerful privacy protection definition that can guarantee the user's privacy against attackers using background knowledge, to further protect their privacy. Evaluation results show that the proposed CBPP solution can effectively protect users' location and query privacy with a lower communication cost and better quality of service.

Long noncoding RNA THOR is highly expressed in colorectal cancer and predicts a poor prognosis.

Aim: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the role of long noncoding RNA THOR in CRC. Materials & methods: The expression of THOR in 103 cases of CRC tissues and four CRC cell lines was examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays were applied to detect cell proliferation, and flow cytometry was used for testing cell cycle and apoptosis of CRC. Results: We found that THOR was highly expressed in CRC and correlated with tumor node metastasis stage, histological subtype, tumor size and differentiation and survival in CRC patients. Meanwhile, knockdown of THOR significantly suppressed cell proliferation and cell cycle of CRC, whereas promoted cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that THOR is an oncogenic long noncoding RNA in CRC and a potential prognostic biomarker for this cancer.

Multi-faceted epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Epigenetic landscapes can shape physiologic and disease phenotypes. We used integrative, high resolution multi-omics methods to delineate the methylome landscape and characterize the oncogenic drivers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We found 98% of CpGs are hypomethylated across the ESCC genome. Hypo-methylated regions are enriched in areas with heterochromatin binding markers (H3K9me3, H3K27me3), while hyper-methylated regions are enriched in polycomb repressive complex (EZH2/SUZ12) recognizing regions. Altered methylation in promoters, enhancers, and gene bodies, as well as in polycomb repressive complex occupancy and CTCF binding sites are associated with cancer-specific gene dysregulation. Epigenetic-mediated activation of non-canonical WNT/ß-catenin/MMP signaling and a YY1/lncRNA ESCCAL-1/ribosomal protein network are uncovered and validated as potential novel ESCC driver alterations. This study advances our understanding of how epigenetic landscapes shape cancer pathogenesis and provides a resource for biomarker and target discovery.

LncRNA linc00460 sponges miR-1224-5p to promote esophageal cancer metastatic potential and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

BACKGROUND: Increasing studies highlight the crucial role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in carcinogenesis of various human cancer types, including esophageal cancer (ESCA). Long intergenic non-coding RNA 00460 (Linc00460), a novel oncogenic lncRNA, has been reported to accelerate ESCA cell growth. This study aimed to investigate the role and possible regulatory mechanism of linc00460 in ESCA metastasis. METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to detect linc00460 expression in ESCA. Wound healing assay, Transwell assay and Western blot were utilized to examine migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of ESCA cells. The direct binding effect between linc00460 and microRNA-1224-5p (miR-1224-5p) was evaluated by the dual luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: In this study, we discovered that lncRNA linc00460 was obviously over-expressed in ESCA, both in tissues and cell lines. Down-regulation of linc00460 significantly suppressed the metastatic potential (including cell migration and invasion) and EMT of ESCA cells. In addition, miR-1224-5p, a potential tumor suppressor, was negatively correlated with linc00460 in ESCA. Linc00460 and miR-1224-5p could bind directly in ESCA cells. Inhibition of miR-1224-5p partially abrogated the effects of linc00460 decrease on metastatic potential and EMT of ESCA cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, linc00460 may function as a molecular sponge to adsorb miR-1224-5p, thereby promoting ESCA metastasis and EMT. Our findings suggest that linc00460/miR-1224-5p is a possible clinical target for ESCA.

Comprehensive analysis of the HOXA gene family identifies HOXA13 as a novel oncogenic gene in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is one of the most common lethal cancers in the human urogenital system. As members of the Homeobox (HOX) family, Homeobox-A (HOXA) cluster genes have been reported to be involved in the development of many cancer types. However, the expression and clinical significance of HOXA genes in KIRC remain largely unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the mRNA expression and prognostic values of HOXA genes in KIRC using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analysis databases online. Colony formation assay, flow cytometry and Western blot were used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and protein level of the indicated gene. RESULTS: We found that the HOXA genes were differentially expressed in KIRC tissues when compared with normal tissues. The expression of HOXA4 and HOXA13 were significantly up-regulated, while HOXA7 and HOXA11 were down-regulated in KIRC. High mRNA levels of HOXA2, HOXA3 and HOXA13, and low level of HOXA7 predicted poor overall survival (OS) of KIRC patients. High mRNA level of HOXA13 further indicated a poor disease-free survival (DFS) of KIRC patients. Functionally, knockdown of HOXA13 significantly suppressed cell proliferation of KIRC in vitro, increased the protein level of p53 and decreased the protein level of cyclin D1 in KIRC cells. Over-expression of HOXA13 had the opposite effects on KIRC cells. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our findings suggest that HOXA13 functions as a novel oncogene in KIRC and may be a potential biomarker for this malignancy.

CASC5 is a potential tumour driving gene in lung adenocarcinoma.

Previous studies have shown that cancer susceptibility candidate 5 (CASC5) plays important roles in several types of cancer. But its expression and clinical significance in human pan-cancer remain largely unclear. In the present study, we comprehensively analysed the expression profile and prognostic values of CASC5 in pan-cancer across 33 cancer types based on the online TCGA analysis databases. CASC5 was found to be abnormally expressed in 16 types of cancer. In addition, dysregulated expression of CASC5 was closely associated with patient overall survival (OS) in kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and thymoma (THYM). By comparative analysis, we found that CASC5 was significantly up-regulated in LUAD and predicted poor patient OS. High CASC5 expression was closely correlated with tumour advanced stages of patients with LUAD. Through GSEA based on the KEGG database, CASC5 was found to be closely related to DNA replication and microRNA regulation in LUAD. Functionally, knockdown of CASC5 could inhibit cell proliferation of LUAD cells in vitro, rather than affecting cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, CASC5 promoted proliferation of LUAD cells by targeting miR-139-5p. Collectively, our findings reveal that CASC5 is a novel oncogenic gene in LUAD and may be a potential clinical target and (or) biomarker for this human malignancy. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: In this study, we for the first time comprehensively analysed the transcriptional level and prognostic significance of CASC5 in human pan-cancer across 33 cancer types using online TCGA databases. Our study indicates that CASC5 is aberrantly expressed in many tumours and is closely related to the patient overall survival of several tumour types. Our findings reveal that CASC5 is a novel oncogene in LUAD based on bioinformatic analysis and functional experiments. Mechanistically, CASC5 promoted LUAD proliferation by targeting miR-139-5p. Results of this study suggest that CASC5 is a potential clinical target and (or) biomarker for LUAD.

LncRNA ELFN1-AS1 promotes esophageal cancer progression by up-regulating GFPT1 via sponging miR-183-3p.

Accumulating studies highlight the critical role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of various human cancers. Extracellular leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1-antisense RNA 1 (ELFN1-AS1) was shown to be a newly found lncRNA that abnormally expressed in human tumors. However, till now the specific function of this lncRNA in esophageal cancer (ESCA) remains unknown. In this study, we discovered that higher ELFN1-AS1 expression indicated shorter patient survival in pan-cancer, including ESCA, using online The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) tools. The lncRNA ELFN1-AS1 was significantly up-regulated in ESCA tissues and cell lines when compared with the counterparts. Down-regulation of ELFN1-AS1 restrained cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCA in vitro. In addition, we found that the expression of microRNA-183-3p (miR-183-3p) and ELFN1-AS1 or glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1 (GFPT1) were inversely correlated in ESCA. Both ELFN1-AS1 and GFPT1 are direct targets of miR-183-3p in ESCA. The effects of ELFN1-AS1 knockdown on ESCA progression were partially rescued by inhibition of miR-183-3p or over-expression of GFPT1. In summary, the results of this study suggest that the lncRNA ELFN1-AS1 facilitates the progression of ESCA by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to promote GFPT1 expression via sponging miR-183-3p.