Smartphone-based behavioural intervention alleviates children's anxiety during anaesthesia induction: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative anxiety negatively influences children's anaesthetic and surgical experience, and results in postoperative complications, such as emergence delirium and behavioural changes. Nonpharmacological management using alternative therapies that alleviate psychological stress can be as important as pharmacological ones in reducing children's anxiety. Nevertheless, their validity as an effective anxiety-reducing strategy in children remains controversial. OBJECTIVE(S): To verify whether nonpharmacological strategies, that is, leaflet and distraction with smartphone application presented to parents/guardians and children, respectively, were effective in preventing children's anxiety during anaesthesia induction. DESIGN: Randomised clinical trial. SETTING: A tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: In total, 84 children (aged 4 to 8 years; American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II) undergoing minor-to-moderate elective surgical procedures and their parents/guardians. INTERVENTIONS: Children were randomised into four groups: control group, in which the parent/guardian was verbally informed about the anaesthetic procedure; the informed group, in which the parent/guardian was also provided with an information leaflet about the anaesthetic procedure; the smartphone group, in which the parent/guardian was verbally informed and the child received a smartphone application to play with while in the holding area before entering the operating room and the smartphone and informed group, in which the parent/guardian also received an information leaflet and the child, a smartphone application to play with while in the holding area before entering the operating room. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Children's anxiety at two time points: in the holding area of the surgical centre and in the operating room during induction of anaesthesia by facemask. RESULTS: Median (IQR) anxiety levels were greater at time point operating room for children in the control group (55.0; range: 30.0 to 68.4) than in the other groups: informed group, 28.4 (23.4 to 45.0); smartphone group, 23.4 (23.4 to 30.0); smartphone and informed group, 23.4 (23.4 to 25.9). CONCLUSION: The behavioural distraction strategies using smartphones were effective in preventing an increase in children's anxiety during anaesthesia induction. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02246062.

Anestesia para o recém-nascido submetido a cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea / Anesthesia for the newborn submitted to cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As doenças congênitas do coração atingem 0,8 por cento dos recém-nascidos (RN) vivos, sendo que muitos necessitam de correção cirúrgica ainda no período neonatal. A cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea (CEC), nesta faixa etária, associa-se a maior incidência de complicações, devido à imaturidade funcional da criança, à falta de equipamentos de CEC que sejam totalmente compatíveis com as dimensões do RN e às dificuldades técnicas para correção da lesão cardíaca. Este artigo tem o propósito de apresentar os aspectos relacionados à técnica anestésica, a CEC e seus efeitos em RN. CONTEUDO: Elevadas doses de fentanil ou sufentanil provêm adequada anestesia sem interferir na estabilidade cardiocirculatória. A depressão respiratória residual dos opióides não é problema neste grupo de pacientes porque a maioria necessita assistência respiratória no pós-operatório imediato. A entrada em CEC pode ser acompanhada de hipotensão arterial por manipulação do coração e/ou sangramento. O posicionamento inadequado das cânulas venosas e aórtica pode causar sérias complicações, como insuficiente fluxo encefálico ou dificuldade na drenagem venosa. São comuns a utilização de hipotermia profunda e a parada circulatória total durante a CEC. A hipotermia modifica a viscosidade do sangue que é tratada com hemodiluição e traz implicações para a correção do pH (alfa-stat versus pH stat). No desmame da CEC é freqüente ocorrer baixo débito cardíaco e ajustes em um ou em todos os seus componentes ( pré-carga, contratilidade, pós-carga e freqüência cardíaca) podem ser necessários. Além das drogas clássicas, como a adrenalina e a dopamina, pode ser necessário o emprego de outras substâncias como a aprotinina, o óxido nítrico ou os inibidores da fosfodiesterase. CONCLUSÕES: O anestesiologista tem papel preponderante no ajuste da homeostasia durante o período peri-operatório. Conhecimentos sobre o tipo de lesão cardíaca, a correção a ser realizada, a resposta do organismo a CEC podem ser úteis no manuseio destas crianças.

[Anesthesia for the newborn submitted to cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.]. / Anestesia para o recém-nascido submetido a cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Congenital heart diseases affect 0.8% of liveborn infants and many need neonatal surgical correction. Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in this age is associated to higher risk of complications related to child's functional immaturity, lack of CPB equipment fully compatible with neonate (NN) size and technical difficulties to correct cardiac defects. This article aimed at describing aspects related to anesthetic technique, CPB and their effects on NN. CONTENTS: High fentanyl or sufentanil doses promote adequate anesthesia without interfering with cardiocirculatory stability. Opioids residual respiratory depression is not a problem for these patients because most of them will need immediate postoperative respiratory assistance. CPB may be followed by heart manipulation-induced hypotension and/or bleeding. Inadequate venous and aortic cannula position may lead to severe complications, such as insufficient brain flow or difficult venous drainage. Deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest are common during CPB. Hypothermia changes blood viscosity, which is treated with hemodilution and has implications on pH correction (alpha-stat versus pH stat). Low cardiac output is common during CPB weaning and adjustments in one or all its components (preload, contractility, afterload and heart rate) may be necessary. In addition to classic drugs, such as epinephrine and dopamine, other substances may be needed, such as aprotinin, nitric oxide or phosphodiesterase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesiologists play a major role in adjusting perioperative homeostasis. Understanding the type of cardiac disease, the correction to be performed and body response to CPB may be useful for the management of those children.

Hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda em crianças submetidas a artrodese de coluna vertebral pela via posterior / Acute normovolemic hemodilution in children submitted to posterior spinal fusion

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda (HNA) é um método de transfusão autóloga simples e de baixo custo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a HNA pode reduzir a necessidade de sangue homólogo em crianças submetidas à artrodese da coluna vertebral pela via posterior e avaliar as complicações decorrentes da hemodiluição nesse tipo de paciente. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 25 crianças, estado físico ASA I e II, submetidas a artrodese de coluna pela via posterior, e que receberam HNA (grupo H). Foram registrados os valores do hematócrito no início e fim da cirurgia, na alta da terapia intensiva e do hospital, o percentual de crianças que recebeu transfusão homóloga durante e após a cirurgia e as complicações ocorridas no intra e no pós-operatório. Os dados do grupo H foram comparados com outro grupo de crianças submetidas ao mesmo tipo de cirurgia, mesma técnica anestésica, porém sem HNA (grupo S). RESULTADOS: As medianas de idade e peso dos dois grupos H e S foram respectivamente 13 e 12 anos e 41,5 e 34 kg. Foram retirados 523 ml de sangue do grupo H, no início da cirurgia, equivalente a 17,1 por cento da volemia, e reinfundida simultaneamente solução de Ringer com lactato, reduzindo o hematócrito para 28,8 por cento ± 3.72 por cento. No final da cirurgia, após a reinfusão do sangue autólogo, hematócrito atingiu o valor médio de 27 por cento no grupo H e 30,4 por cento no grupo S (p = 0,01). Na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva e na alta do hospital, as diferenças entre os hematócritos não eram estatisticamente significativas. Transfusão de sangue homólogo foi utilizada em 28 por cento das crianças do grupo H e 79 por cento do grupo S (p = 0,001). Hipotensão arterial ocorreu em 28 por cento dos pacientes do grupo H e 37,5 por cento do grupo S (p = 0,9). No grupo S, 4 pacientes tiveram complicações infecciosas importantes no pós-operatório. A duração da internação hospitalar nos grupos H e S foram, respectivamente, 7,56 ± 3,203...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution (ANH) is a simple and low-cost autologous transfusion method. This study aimed at evaluating whether ANH is able to decrease homologous transfusions in children undergoing posterior spinal fusion and at verifying hemodilution-induced complications in those patients. METHODS: Participated in this study 25 children, physical status ASA I and II, submitted to posterior spinal fusion and receiving ANH (group H). Hematocrit values were recorded at surgery beginning and completion, at PACU and hospital discharge. The number of children receiving homologous transfusions during and after surgery, as well as intra and postoperative complications were also recorded. Group H data were compared to other group of children submitted to the same surgical technique, however without ANH (group S). RESULTS: Median age and weight for both groups were, respectivelly 13 and 12 years and 41.5 and 34 kg. Immediately after anesthetic induction, 523 ml (mean) of blood were collected from group H, or the equivalent to 17.1% of volemia. Simultaneously, lactated Ringer's solution was started to decrease hematocrit to 28.8% ± 3.72%. At surgery completion and after autologous blood infusion, hematocrit has reached mean values of 27% in group H and 30.4% in Group S (p = 0.01). At PACU and hospital discharge, differences between hematocrits were not statistically significant. Homologous blood was transfused in 28% of Group H children and 79% of Group S children (p = 0.001). There has been arterial hypotension in 28% of Group H patients and 37.5% of Group S patients (p = 0.9). Four Group S patients had severe postoperative infectious complications. Hospital stay for Groups H and S was, respectively...

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La hemodilución normovolémica aguda (HNA) es un método de transfusión autóloga simples y de bajo costeo. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar se la HNA puede reducir la necesidad de sangre homólogo en niños sometidos a artrodesis de la columna vertebral por vía posterior y evaluar las complicaciones resultantes de la hemodilución en ese tipo de paciente. MÉTODO: Participaron del estudio 25 niños, estado físico ASA 1 y 2, sometidos a artrodesis de columna por la vía posterior, y que recibieron HNA (grupo H). Fueron registrados los valores del hematócrito en el inicio y fin de la cirugía, en el alta de la terapia intensiva y del hospital, el percentual de niños que recibieron transfusión homóloga durante y después de la cirugía y las complicaciones ocurridas en el intra y pos-operatorio. Los datos del grupo H fueron comparados con otro grupo de niños sometidos al mismo tipo de cirugía, igual técnica anestésica, sin embargo sin HNA (grupo S). RESULTADOS: Las medias de edad y peso de los dos grupos H y S fueron respectivamente 13 y 12 años y 41,5 y 34 kg. Fueron retirados 523 ml de sangre del grupo H, en el início de la cirugía, equivalente a 17,1% de la volemia, y reinfundida simultaneamente en solución de Ringer con lactato, reducindo el hematócrito para 28,8% ± 3.72%. En el final de la cirugía, después de la reinfusión de la sangre autóloga, el hematócrito chegó al valor médio de 27% en el grupo H y 30,4% en el grupo S (p = 0,01). En el alta de la unidad de terapia intensiva y en el alta del hospital, las diferencias entre los hematócritos no eran estadisticamente significativas. Transfusión de sangre homóloga fue utilizada en 28% de los niños del grupo H y 79% del grupo S (p = 0,001). Hipotensión arterial ocurrió en 28% de los pacientes del grupo H y 37,5% del grupo S (p = 0,9). En el grupo S, 4 pacientes tuvieron complicaciones infecciosas importantes en el pos-operatorio. La duración del internamiento hospitalar en los grupos...

Acute normovolemic hemodilution in children submitted to posterior spinal fusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution (ANH) is a simple and low-cost autologous transfusion method. This study aimed at evaluating whether ANH is able to decrease homologous transfusions in children undergoing posterior spinal fusion and at verifying hemodilution-induced complications in those patients. METHODS: Participated in this study 25 children, physical status ASA I and II, submitted to posterior spinal fusion and receiving ANH (group H). Hematocrit values were recorded at surgery beginning and completion, at PACU and hospital discharge. The number of children receiving homologous transfusions during and after surgery, as well as intra and postoperative complications were also recorded. Group H data were compared to other group of children submitted to the same surgical technique, however without ANH (group S). RESULTS: Median age and weight for both groups were, respectivelly 13 and 12 years and 41.5 and 34 kg. Immediately after anesthetic induction, 523 ml (mean) of blood were collected from group H, or the equivalent to 17.1% of volemia. Simultaneously, lactated Ringer's solution was started to decrease hematocrit to 28.8% +/- 3.72%. At surgery completion and after autologous blood infusion, hematocrit has reached mean values of 27% in group H and 30.4% in Group S (p = 0.01). At PACU and hospital discharge, differences between hematocrits were not statistically significant. Homologous blood was transfused in 28% of Group H children and 79% of Group S children (p = 0.001). There has been arterial hypotension in 28% of Group H patients and 37.5% of Group S patients (p = 0.9). Four Group S patients had severe postoperative infectious complications. Hospital stay for Groups H and S was, respectively 7.56 +/- 3.203 days for group H, and 9.75 +/- 4.245 days for group S (p = 0.009). Group H has received 3.948 +/- 1.334 ml lactated Ringer's and group S has received 2.234 +/- 953 (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Normovolemic hemodilution is a safe method to decrease homologous blood needs in children submitted to posterior spinal fusion. There have been no anemia-related complications.