ABSTRACT
The quantitative and systematic analysis of embryonic cell dynamics from in vivo 3D+time image data sets is a major challenge at the forefront of developmental biology. Despite recent breakthroughs in the microscopy imaging of living systems, producing an accurate cell lineage tree for any developing organism remains a difficult task. We present here the BioEmergences workflow integrating all reconstruction steps from image acquisition and processing to the interactive visualization of reconstructed data. Original mathematical methods and algorithms underlie image filtering, nucleus centre detection, nucleus and membrane segmentation, and cell tracking. They are demonstrated on zebrafish, ascidian and sea urchin embryos with stained nuclei and membranes. Subsequent validation and annotations are carried out using Mov-IT, a custom-made graphical interface. Compared with eight other software tools, our workflow achieved the best lineage score. Delivered in standalone or web service mode, BioEmergences and Mov-IT offer a unique set of tools for in silico experimental embryology.
Subject(s)
Embryology/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Microscopy , Workflow , Animals , Cell Lineage , Cell Proliferation , Sea Urchins , Urochordata , ZebrafishABSTRACT
We discuss application of nonlinear PDE based methods to filtering of 3-D confocal images of embryogenesis. We focus on the mean curvature driven and the regularized Perona-Malik equations, where standard as well as newly suggested edge detectors are used. After presenting the related mathematical models, the practical results are given and discussed by visual inspection and quantitatively using the mean Hausdorff distance.
Subject(s)
Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Microscopy, Confocal/methods , Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted , Zebrafish/anatomy & histology , Zebrafish/embryology , Algorithms , Animals , Artificial Intelligence , Computer Simulation , Humans , Image Enhancement/methods , Models, Biological , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Structural modifications of photosensitizers (changes in protonation, ionic state and aggregation state) under different environmental conditions should be precisely determined to understand the interaction of the photosensitizers with biological systems. In the present study partition coefficients of hematoporphyrin IX (HpIX), disulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphine, meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphine (mTHPP) and meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin in the 1-octanol-phosphate buffer system were determined in the pH region 4.0-8.0. Only the partition coefficients of HpIX and mTHPP were found to be pH dependent. Computer processing of fluorimetric titration data was applied to estimate pKa values of the imino nitrogens of mTHPP. Monoprotonated species of mTHPP seem to be unstable or nonexistent. The possibility that both imino nitrogens of this dye are protonated according to a common pKa is proposed. The pKa value of the imino nitrogens of mTHPP was found to be 2.99 +/- 0.04 after the application of a model taking aggregation of the drug into account. The contributions of various aqueous ionic species of mTHPP as functions of pH were calculated and compared with partition coefficients.
