ABSTRACT
An especially dangerous behavior observed in some forensic and security hospital populations is assaultive eye gouging. Although a number of case reports in the literature concern auto-enucleation, gouging out the eyes of another is virtually unmentioned. We present a case series of eye gougers (n = 10) gathered through clinical contributions from several forensic populations in the United States and Russia. Four subjects were psychotic during the eye-gouging episode, one was only mentally retarded, and five, who were neither psychotic nor retarded, deliberately injured victims' eyes during acts of extreme sexual violence.
Subject(s)
Eye Enucleation/statistics & numerical data , Eye Injuries/epidemiology , Forensic Psychiatry , Violence/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Male , Paraphilic Disorders/psychology , Psychotic Disorders/psychology , Russia , United States , Violence/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
A sensitive sucrose gradient procedure provided evidence for specific 3.6S 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] receptor-like binding components with low affinity for 25(OH)D3 in several reproductive target tissues in the rat, including testis, uterus and probably epididymis. Thus, the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in non-vitamin D endocrine tissues is not restricted to the hormone secreting glands. Estrogen-stimulated uterine growth paralleled increased levels of the putative 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors, providing in vivo evidence for the concept of a relationship between these phenomena. However, a similar correlation was not observed in the growing testis (prepubertal vs mature rats). Whether this result stems from receptor localization in a cell type prevalent in the adult or a true dissociation between testis growth and receptor levels is unclear. Finally, significant levels (10.3 +/- 1.0% vs intestinal mucosa) of the putative 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors were found in the heart, an organ in which calcium mediates many specialized functions. Taken collectively, these observations on new target tissues of quite different overall function suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 and its receptors may play a role in intracellular calcium homeostasis and possibly in regulating specialized intracellular functions of calcium.
Subject(s)
Calcitriol/metabolism , Receptors, Steroid/metabolism , Aging , Animals , Calcitriol/pharmacology , Female , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Kidney/metabolism , Male , Myocardium/metabolism , Organ Specificity , Rats , Receptors, Calcitriol , Receptors, Steroid/isolation & purification , Testis/metabolism , Uterus/growth & developmentSubject(s)
Aggression/psychology , Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology , Commitment of Mentally Ill , Prisons , Humans , Male , ViolenceABSTRACT
Previous work has found that 5-year-olds judge the area of rectangles by a height width rule. Present results indicated that 3- and 4-year-olds also judge area by a height width rule. This adding rule was interpreted in terms of a general-purpose judgmental strategy that young children employ to make quantitative judgments. Both the use of a rating scale and the use of an adding rule in judgment indicate an impressive level of quantitative ability at a very early age.
