O matriciamento em saúde mental como dispositivo para a formação e gestão do cuidado em saúde / Matrixing in mental health, as a device for the formation and management of health care

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir a partir da pesquisa realizada no município de Piraí-RJ sobre o processo de matriciamento e suas implicações para a gestão do cuidado em saúde. Utilizando a cartografia como referencial metodológico, foi possível trabalhar o tema do matriciamento, junto aos estudantes/bolsistas do projeto PET saúde (Programa de Educação para o Trabalho em Saúde), exercitando o processo de implicação e responsabilização como atores operadores do cuidado em saúde. Os pesquisadores foram se dando conta de que na produção da saúde, a definição por um modelo de atenção, por parte do gestor, não é suficiente para determinar a execução dos princípios do SUS. Nesta perspectiva, o matriciamento foi se caracterizando como importante ferramenta para mudança gerencial dos serviços de saúde, considerando seu potencial para modificar a lógica hierarquizada da gestão em saúde e para a integração das ações de saúde mental na atenção primária em saúde. Nesse percurso, as formulações apresentadas ajudam a compreender o matriciamento como um dispositivo para a produção de subjetividades para a gestão do cuidado em saúde.

Abstract This work aims to reflect, based on the research carried out in the municipality of Piraí-RJ, on the matrix process and its implications for the management of health care. Using cartography as a methodological reference, it was possible to work on the matrix support theme, with students / scholarship holders of the PET Saúde (Education Program for Health Work), exercising the process of implication and accountability as actors that operate health care. The researchers realized that in the production of health, the definition by a model of care, on the part of the manager, is not sufficient to determine the implementation of the principles of SUS. In this perspective, matrix support was characterized as an important tool for the management change of health services, considering its potential to modify the hierarchical logic of health management and for the integration of mental health actions in primary health care. Along this path, the formulations helped to understand matrix support as a device to produce subjectivities for the management of health care.

Medical education content required for kernicterus risk recognition.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to define the minimum academic content required for pediatricians to recognize the risk of kernicterus. METHODS: A questionnaire was developed on the basis of American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines seeking to develop a consensus for pediatricians in training on the theoretical content about neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. To validate the instrument, we used the Delphi consensus method. The 14 invited experts interviewed, eminent Brazilian researchers of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, analyzed the questions posed in accordance with the literature and validated the instrument FINDINGS: An assessment instrument, the Student Questionnaire (SQ), was developed on the basis of indicators of risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia obtained from the literature. A panel of academic experts, composed of the leading researchers of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Brazil according to research rankings of the Brazilian government's Lattes Platform, was assembled for consensus validation of the assessment instrument. Validation of the SQ was achieved after two rounds of the Delphi technique. Finally, the SQ itself was validated with the medical education content required for recognition of kernicterus risk. CONCLUSION: The consensus among experts stressed the need to identify the primary epidemiologic risk factors for significant hyperbilirubinemia associated with neonatal jaundice and to characterize risk of bilirubin encephalopathy according to the literature. The minimum capacity required of physicians in training is that they have the insight to consult the reference material specific to each clinical situation in which hyperbilirubinemia may be involved. The present study emphasized the need for knowledge of the four variables related to management of neonatal jaundice: gestational age, birth weight, infant age, and total serum bilirubin. This validated questionnaire can be a useful tool to prepare pediatricians to recognize the possibility of bilirubin encephalopathy in neonates and prescribe intervention as necessary.

Perception of dyspnea in childhood asthma crisis by the patients and those in charge of them.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between perception of dyspnea during a mild to moderate asthma attack using the Modified Borg Scale (MBS) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with children and adolescents who sought a pediatric emergency service due to an asthma attack. Data were collected from July 2005 to June 2006. Demographic data were recorded. Patients and those in charge of them were requested to grade, individually, the patient's dyspnea using the MBS; afterwards, the peak expiratory flow rate was measured. RESULTS: 181 asthmatic patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 7.2 (± 2.4) years (range, 4-12). The mother sought medical aid in 83.4% of the cases (151/181). Patient symptoms included coughing in 68.5% (124/181), dyspnea in 47.0% (85/181), and wheezing in 12.7% (23/181). Thirty-six percent (65/181) had a mild attack, and 64.1% (116/181) a moderate one. A significant negative correlation was found between the patients' and accompanying adults' perceptions of patient's dyspnea and the PEFR (% predicted; rs = -0.240 and rs = -0.385, respectively). CONCLUSION: Both the patients and those looking after them had a poor perception of the severity of the patient's dyspnea. This emphasizes the need to monitor objective measures such as the PEFR and to develop better ways of evaluating dyspnea.

Percepção da dispneia na crise asmática pediátrica pelos pacientes e responsáveis / Perception of dyspnea in childhood asthma crisis by the patients and those in charge of them

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre a percepção da dispneia durante uma crise de asma leve a moderada, por meio da escala modificada de Borg, com a medida do pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de crianças e adolescentes que procuraram a emergência pediátrica devido a crise asmática, com dados coletados de julho de 2005 a junho de 2006. Foram registrados dados demográficos. Pacientes e seus responsáveis foram solicitados a graduar, individualmente, a dispneia do paciente por meio da escala modificada de Borg e, posteriormente, foi avaliada a medida do PFE. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 181 pacientes asmáticos, com idade média de 7,2 (±2,4) anos (4-12). A mãe procurou atendimento médico em 83,4% (151/181). Os sintomas incluíram tosse, em 68,5% (124/181), dispneia, em 47,0% (85/181), e sibilância, em 12,7% (23/181). Trinta e seis por cento (65/181) apresentavam crise leve, e 64,1% (116/181), moderada. Correlação negativa significativa foi evidenciada entre a percepção dos responsáveis e dos pacientes com dispneia e a medida do PFE dos pacientes (percentual previsto; r s = -0,240 e r s = -0,385, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes e responsáveis demonstraram percepção limitada da gravidade da dispneia do paciente, evidenciando a necessidade de monitorar medidas objetivas, como a medida do PFE e o desenvolvimento de melhores meios de avaliação da dispneia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between perception of dyspnea during a mild to moderate asthma attack using the Modified Borg Scale (MBS) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with children and adolescents who sought a pediatric emergency service due to an asthma attack. Data were collected from July 2005 to June 2006. Demographic data were recorded. Patients and those in charge of them were requested to grade, individually, the patient's dyspnea using the MBS; afterwards, the peak expiratory flow rate was measured. RESULTS: 181 asthmatic patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 7.2 (± 2.4) years (range, 4-12). The mother sought medical aid in 83.4% of the cases (151/181). Patient symptoms included coughing in 68.5% (124/181), dyspnea in 47.0% (85/181), and wheezing in 12.7% (23/181). Thirty-six percent (65/181) had a mild attack, and 64.1% (116/181) a moderate one. A significant negative correlation was found between the patients' and accompanying adults' perceptions of patient's dyspnea and the PEFR (% predicted; r s = -0.240 and r s = -0.385, respectively). CONCLUSION: Both the patients and those looking after them had a poor perception of the severity of the patient's dyspnea. This emphasizes the need to monitor objective measures such as the PEFR and to develop better ways of evaluating dyspnea.

Association of overweight with asthma prevalence in adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between asthma and overweight in adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 13-14-year-old adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Asthma was defined according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated; overweight was defined as BMI > or = 85th percentile. The distribution of asthma and associated symptoms were compared according weight category using the chi(2) test for linear trend. The association between asthma and overweight, controlling for confounding variables, was studied using odds ratios (OR), confidence intervals (95% CI) and logistic regression, stratified by sex. RESULTS: 2,858 (50.1% female) adolescents were studied; 458 (16.1%) were overweight and 13.3% asthmatic. Average BMI was higher among asthmatics (p = 0.01). When stratified, this difference remained only among girls (p = 0.03). Asthma prevalence increased with higher BMI (p = 0.02). Asthma was associated to overweight (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.07-2.13), irrespective of sedentary lifestyle, smoking mother and presence of dog in the domicile, but only among the girls. CONCLUSIONS: In Rio de Janeiro adolescents, we found a positive association between asthma and overweight, exclusively among girls. This suggests that health policies related to asthma and overweight/obesity in this age group need to take sex into consideration.

Effect of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on health worker performance in Northeast-Brazil.

A multi-country evaluation is being carried out in Brazil and four other countries to determine the effectiveness, cost, and impact of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). We examine the effect of IMCI on the quality of health care provided to children under five visiting health facilities. A health facility survey was conducted at 24 facilities (12 with IMCI) in each of four States in the Northeast. We assessed the quality of care provided to children between 2 months and 5 years attending the facilities. Health workers trained in IMCI provided significantly better care than those not trained. Significant differences between health workers who were trained or not trained in IMCI were found in the assessment of the child, disease classification, treatment, and caretaker communication. Nurses trained in IMCI performed as well as, and sometimes better than, medical officers trained in IMCI. We conclude that while there is room for further improvement, IMCI case management training significantly improves health worker performance, and that parts of Brazil that have not yet introduced IMCI should be encouraged to do so.

Effect of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on health worker performance in Northeast-Brazil

Uma avaliação está sendo realizada entre cinco países, inclusive o Brasil, para determinar a efetividade, custo e impacto da Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância (AIDPI). Os autores examinam o efeito da AIDPI sobre a qualidade da assistência prestada a crianças abaixo de cinco anos em consultas realizadas em serviços de saúde. Foi feito um inquérito em 24 serviços de saúde (12 com AIDPI) em cada um de quatro estados do nordeste. Avaliou-se a qualidade da assistência prestada às crianças entre 2 meses e 5 anos de idade que freqüentavam os serviços. Profissionais de saúde treinados em AIDPI prestavam assistência significativamente melhor, comparada com aqueles sem treinamento em AIDPI. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre profissionais com e sem treinamento em AIDPI, na avaliação da criança, classificação da doença, tratamento e comunicação com os pais ou cuidadores. Enfermeiros treinados em AIDPI mostravam desempenho tão bom quanto, e às vezes melhor do que médicos treinados em AIDPI. Os autores concluem que, embora ainda exista espaço para melhoria, o treinamento em AIDPI melhora o desempenho dos profissionais de saúde no tratamento de crianças, e que as regiões brasileiras que ainda não implementaram a AIDPI devem ser incentivadas com o intuito de adotá-lo.

Infecçöes respiratórias agudas / Respiratory tract acute infections

Os autores apresentaram revisäo sobre infecçöes respiratórias agudas (Ira), focalizando principalmente as normas de assistência e controle das Ira em menores de cinco anos, que se encontram em fase de implantaçäo no Brasil. O programa de Ira insere-se nas açöes básicas de saúde infantil em nosso meio