Respostas agudas de pressão arterial e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca são dependentes do volume total do exercício aeróbio em adultos saudáveis / Acute blood pressure and heart rate variability responses in healthy adults are dependent on the total volume of aerobic exercise

A hipotensão pós-exercício (HPE) é um fenômeno de relevância clínica, mas dúvidas persistem no tocante ao efeito do modo e da forma de execução (contínua vs. acumulada) do exercício aeróbio para sua manifestação, bem como o papel do controle autonômico cardíaco como mecanismo fisiológico associado à HPE. Assim, a presente tese objetivou: a) investigar a HPE induzida por sessões aeróbias de exercício isocalórico contínuo e acumulado; b) comparar as respostas de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) após teste cardiopulmonar de exercício máximo (TCPE) em três modalidades; c) verificar a influência do modo de exercício e do controle autonômico cardíaco em repouso sobre a reativação vagal após TCPE. No primeiro estudo, 10 homens saudáveis (idade: 27,6 ± 3,5 anos) realizaram TCPEs de corrida e ciclismo para medida do consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico) e sessões contínuas (400 kcal) e acumuladas (2 x 200 kcal) de corrida e ciclismo à 75%VO2reserva. A PAS e PAD reduziram similarmente após exercício contínuo e acumulado (4,6 ± 2,3 vs. 5,2 ± 2,3 mmHg, 2,6 ± 2,5 vs. 3,6 ± 2,5 mmHg, respectivamente, P > 0,05). Porém, a corrida provocou maior declínio na PAS do que o ciclismo (P < 0.05). A atividade simpática (componente de baixa frequência, LF) e parassimpática (componente de alta frequência, HF) aumentou (P < 0,001) e diminuiu (P < 0,001) em relação à sessão controle, elevando o balanço simpato-vagal (razão LF:HF) (P < 0,001) que foi inversamente correlacionado ao ΔPAS e ΔPAD (r = -0,41 a -0,70; P < 0.05). No segundo e terceiro estudos, 20 homens saudáveis (idade: 21.2 ± 3.0 anos) realizaram três TCPEs (ciclismo, caminhada e corrida). No segundo estudo, investigou-se a resposta aguda da PA, débito cardíaco (Q), resistência vascular periférica (RVP), sensibilidade do barorreflexo arterial (SBR), variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e dispêndio energético durante 60 min após os TCPEs e sessão controle...

Postexercise hypotension (PEH) is a phenomenon of clinical relevance, but doubts persist regarding the effect of the mode and manner of execution (continuous vs. cumulative) of aerobic exercise for its manifestation, as well as the role of cardiac autonomic control as physiological mechanisms associated with PEH. Thus, this thesis aimed to: a) investigate the PEH elicited by isocaloric bouts of continuous and accumulative aerobic exercise; b) to compare the acute responses of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) performed using three exercise modalities; and c) to determine the influence of exercise mode and cardiac autonomic control at rest on the vagal reactivation after CPET. In the first study, ten healthy men (age: 27.6 ± 3.5 yrs) performed maximal CPETs to determine the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and continuous (400 kcal) and accumulated (2 x 200 kcal) exercise bouts of running and cycling at 75% VO2reserve. The SBP and DBP decreased similarly after continuous and accumulated exercise (4.6 ± 2.3 vs. 5.2 ± 2.3 mmHg, 2.6 ± 2.5 vs. 3.6 ± 2.5 mmHg, respectively, P > 0.05). However, running elicited greater SBP reductions than cycling (P < 0.05). The sympathetic (low frequency component, LF) and parasympathetic (high frequency component, HF) activity increased (P < 0.001) and decreased (P < 0.001) from baseline, increasing the sympathovagal balance (LF:HF ratio) (P < 0.001) that was inversely related to ΔSBP and ΔDBP (r = -0.41 to -0.70; P < 0.05). In the second and third studies, 20 healthy men (age: 21.2 ± 3.0 yrs) performed three CPETs (cycling, walking and running). The second study investigated the acute response of BP, cardiac output (Q), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (SBR), heart rate variability (HRV) and energy expenditure during 60 min after exercise and a control session...

Transcranial direct current stimulation influences the cardiac autonomic nervous control.

To investigate whether the manipulation of brain excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates the heart rate variability (HRV), the effect of tDCS applied at rest on the left temporal lobe in athletes (AG) and non-athletes (NAG) was evaluated. The HRV parameters (natural logarithms of LF, HF, and LF/HF) was assessed in 20 healthy men before, and immediately after tDCS and sham stimulation. After anodal tDCS in AG the parasympathetic activity (HF(log)) increased (P<0.01) and the sympathetic activity (LF(log)) and sympatho-vagal balance (LF/HF(log)) decreased (P<0.01), whereas no significant effects were detected in NAG (P>0.05). No significant changes in HRV indexes were provoked by sham stimulation in both AG and NAG (P>0.05). In conclusion, tDCS applied on the left temporal lobe significantly increased the overall HRV in AG, enhancing the parasympathetic and decreasing the sympathetic modulation of heart rate. Consequently the sympatho-vagal balance decreased at rest in AG but not in NAG. Releasing a weak electric current to stimulate selected brain areas may induce favorable effects on the autonomic control to the heart in highly fit subjects.