Divergence and gene flow history at two large chromosomal inversions underlying ecotype differentiation in the long-snouted seahorse.

Chromosomal inversions can play an important role in divergence and reproductive isolation by building and maintaining distinct allelic combinations between evolutionary lineages. Alternatively, they can take the form of balanced polymorphisms that segregate within populations until one arrangement becomes fixed. Many questions remain about how inversion polymorphisms arise, how they are maintained over the long term, and ultimately, whether and how they contribute to speciation. The long-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) is genetically subdivided into geographic lineages and marine-lagoon ecotypes, with shared structural variation underlying lineage and ecotype divergence. Here, we aim to characterize structural variants and to reconstruct their history and suspected role in ecotype formation. We generated a near chromosome-level genome assembly and described genome-wide patterns of diversity and divergence through the analysis of 112 whole-genome sequences from Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea populations. By also analysing linked-read sequencing data, we found evidence for two chromosomal inversions that were several megabases in length and showed contrasting allele frequency patterns between lineages and ecotypes across the species range. We reveal that these inversions represent ancient intraspecific polymorphisms, one likely being maintained by divergent selection and the other by pseudo-overdominance. A possible selective coupling between the two inversions was further supported by the absence of specific haplotype combinations and a putative functional interaction between the two inversions in reproduction. Lastly, we detected gene flux eroding divergence between inverted alleles at varying levels for the two inversions, with a likely impact on their dynamics and contribution to divergence and speciation.

Nursing Interventions for Patients With Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction Arising From Complete Spinal Cord Injury: A Scoping Review.

PURPOSE: We mapped key concepts and identified 4 fundamental nursing interventions for patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction due to complete spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: A scoping review was conducted according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute. SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches were performed in PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, COCHRANE, and SCOPUS electronic databases. We use searched the gray literature using the Google Scholar search engine. We formulated a question to guide the search, based on the participants, concept, and context format: "What are the key manual nursing interventions performed in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction resulting from complete spinal cord injury?" We included nursing intervention strategies that may be performed by health professionals, patients, or caregivers. Two reviewers independently participated in the selection; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer and 5 experts. FINDINGS: Thirteen studies conducted between 1998 and 2019 were selected; 5 were randomized clinical trials. Four main interventions were identified for conservative management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with complete SCI. They were digital-anal stimulation, manual extraction of feces, abdominal massage, and strategies used to stimulate the gastrocolic reflex. CONCLUSIONS: Research suggests that each of these interventions, administered alone or in combination, supports bowel evacuation in patients with a complete SCI. Each of these interventions may be performed by a nurse, and taught to the patient and/or lay caregiver. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: An individualized bowel management program for patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction due to SCI is necessary to ensure regular bowel evacuation, preserve fecal continence, and support dignity and health-related quality of life. The conservative interventions identified in this scoping review should be incorporated in protocols or guidelines for management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in this vulnerable population.

Three mitochondrial lineages and no Atlantic-Mediterranean barrier for the bogue Boops boops across its widespread distribution.

Marine species exhibiting wide distributional ranges are frequently subdivided into discrete genetic units over limited spatial scales. This is often due to specific life-history traits or oceanographic barriers that prevent gene flow. Fine-scale sampling studies revealed distinct phylogeographic patterns in the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, ranging from panmixia to noticeable population genetic structure. Here, we used mitochondrial sequence data to analyse connectivity in the bogue Boops boops throughout most of its widespread distribution. Our results identified the existence of three clades, one comprising specimens from the Azores and eastern Atlantic/Mediterranean, another with individuals from the Canary Islands, Madeira and Cape Verde archipelagos, and the third with samples from Mauritania only. One of the branches of the northern subtropical gyre (Azores Current) that drifts towards the Gulf of Cádiz promotes a closer connection between the Azores, southern Portugal and the Mediterranean B. boops populations. The Almería-Oran Front, widely recognised as an oceanographic barrier for many organisms to cross the Atlantic-Mediterranean divide, does not seem to affect the dispersal of this benthopelagic species. The southward movement of the Cape Verde Frontal Zone during the winter, combined with the relatively short duration of the pelagic larval stage of B. boops, may be potential factors for preventing the connectivity between the Atlantic oceanic archipelagos and Mauritania shaping the genetic signature of this species.

Comparative mitogenomic analyses and gene rearrangements reject the alleged polyphyly of a bivalve genus.

Background: The order and orientation of genes encoded by animal mitogenomes are typically conserved, although there is increasing evidence of multiple rearrangements among mollusks. The mitogenome from a Brazilian brown mussel (hereafter named B1) classified as Perna perna Linnaeus, 1758 and assembled from Illumina short-length reads revealed an unusual gene order very different from other congeneric species. Previous mitogenomic analyses based on the Brazilian specimen and other Mytilidae suggested the polyphyly of the genus Perna. Methods: To confirm the proposed gene rearrangements, we sequenced a second Brazilian P. perna specimen using the "primer-walking" method and performed the assembly using as reference Perna canaliculus. This time-consuming sequencing method is highly effective when assessing gene order because it relies on sequentially-determined, overlapping fragments. We also sequenced the mitogenomes of eastern and southwestern South African P. perna lineages to analyze the existence of putative intraspecific gene order changes as the two lineages show overlapping distributions but do not exhibit a sister relationship. Results: The three P. perna mitogenomes sequenced in this study exhibit the same gene order as the reference. CREx, a software that heuristically determines rearrangement scenarios, identified numerous gene order changes between B1 and our P. perna mitogenomes, rejecting the previously proposed gene order for the species. Our results validate the monophyly of the genus Perna and indicate a misidentification of B1.

Consumo Alimentar de Macronutrientes e Estado Nutricional de Pessoas com Estomia / Food Consumption of Macronutrients and Nutritional Status of People With Ostomy / Consumo Alimentario de Macronutrientes y Estado Nutricional de Personas con Ostomía

Objetivo:Avaliar o consumo alimentar de macronutrientes e o estado nutricional de pessoas com estomia no contexto amazônico. Método: Estudo transversal quantitativo realizado na unidade de referência especializada às pessoas com estomia, no período de janeiro a março de 2020. A amostra foi constituída de 77 pessoas com estomias, com idade de 21 a 88 anos, de ambos os sexos. Foram utilizados informações sociodemográficas, aspectos clínicos e comportamentais, medidas antropométricas e recordatório 24 h. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos softwares BioEstat 5.0 e EpiInfo 3.5.1. Resultados: A maioria era do sexo masculino, com faixa etária entre 35 e 50 anos. Os tipos mais frequentes de estomia foram: colostomia (69%) e ileostomia (21%), com caráter temporário (43%), tendo em ambos os sexos a etiologia neoplásica (60%). Quanto ao estado nutricional, a maioria apresentou eutrofia segundo o índice de massa corporal, no entanto a circunferência da cintura demonstrou risco metabólico aumentado no sexo feminino, e a prega cutânea tricipital indicou obesidade no sexo masculino e eutrofia no sexo feminino (<0,0001). Com relação ao consumo alimentar, observou-se inadequação de energia e de macronutrientes. Conclusão: Os hábitos alimentares no contexto amazônico podem estar relacionados ao consumo alimentar inadequado e às alterações no estado nutricional.

Objective:To evaluate the food intake of macronutrients and nutritional status of people with ostomy in the Amazonian context. Method: Quantitative cross-sectional study carried out in the specialized reference unit for people with ostomy, in the period from January to March 2020. The sample consisted of 77 people with ostomies, aged 21 to 88 years old, of both genders. We used sociodemographic information, clinical and behavioral aspects, anthropometric measurements and 24-hour recall. Statistical analysis was performed using BioEstat 5.0 and EpiInfo 3.5.1 software. Results: Most were male, aged between 35 and 50 years old. The most frequent types of ostomy were: colostomy (69%) and ileostomy (21%), with a temporary nature (43%), with neoplastic etiology in both sexes (60%). As for the nutritional status, most presented eutrophy according to the body mass index, but waist circumference showed increased metabolic risk in females, and the triceps skinfold thickness indicated excess adiposity in males (<0.0001). Regarding food consumption, there was inadequacy of energy and macronutrients. Conclusion: Eating habits in the Amazonian context may be related to inadequate food consumption and changes in nutritional status.

Objetivo:Evaluar el consumo alimentario de macronutrientes y el estado nutricional de personas con estoma en el contexto amazónico. Método: Estudio transversal cuantitativo, realizado en la Unidad de Referencia Especializada en personas con ostomía durante el periodo de enero a marzo del 2020. La muestra estuvo constituida por 77 personas con estoma. Entre los 21 y los 88 años, de los dos sexos. Se usó información sociodemográfica, aspectos clínicos, comportamentales, medidas antropométricas y recordatorio de 24 horas. El análisis estadístico se realizó con los programas BioEstat 5.0 y EpiInfo 3.5.1. Resultados: La mayoría eran de sexo masculino, con un grupo etario de 35 a 50 años. Los tipos de ostomía más frecuentes fueron: colostomía (69%) e ileostomía (21%), de carácter temporal (43%), con etiología neoplásica en ambos sexos (60%).Por otro lado, con relación al estado nutricional, la mayoría presentó eutrofia según el índice de masa corporal. Sin embargo, la circunferencia de cintura demostró riesgo metabólico más grande en el sexo femenino y el pliegue cutáneo tricipital indicó exceso de adiposidad en el sexo masculino y eutrofia en feminino (<0,0001). Con relación al consumo alimentario, se observó la inadecuación de energía y macronutrientes. Conclusión: Los hábitos alimentarios en el contexto amazónico pueden estar relacionados con el consumo inadecuado de alimentos y cambios en el estado nutricional.

Uncovering the shell game with barcodes: diversity of meiofaunal Caecidae snails (Truncatelloidea, Caenogastropoda) from Central America.

Caecidae is a species-rich family of microsnails with a worldwide distribution. Typical for many groups of gastropods, caecid taxonomy is largely based on overt shell characters. However, identification of species using shell characteristics is problematic due to their rather uniform, tubular shells, the presence of different growth stages, and a high degree of intraspecific variability. In the present study, a first integrative approach to caecid taxonomy is provided using light-microscopic investigation with microsculptural analyses and multi-marker barcoding, in conjunction with molecular species delineation analyses (ABGD, haplotype networks, GMYC, and bPTP). In total 132 specimens of Caecum and Meioceras collected during several sampling trips to Central America were analyzed and delineated into a minimum of 19 species to discuss putative synonyms, and supplement the original descriptions. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest Meioceras nitidum and M. cubitatum should be reclassified as Caecum, and the genus Meioceras might present a junior synonym of Caecum. Meiofaunal caecids morphologically resembling C. glabrum from the Northeast Atlantic are a complex of cryptic species with independent evolutionary origins, likely associated with multiple habitat shifts to the mesopsammic environment. Caecum invisibile Egger & Jörger, sp. nov. is formally described based on molecular diagnostic characters. This first integrative approach towards the taxonomy of Caecidae increases the known diversity, reveals the need for a reclassification of the genus Caecum and serves as a starting point for a barcoding library of the family, thereby enabling further reliable identifications of these taxonomically challenging microsnails in future studies.

Rare coral under the genomic microscope: timing and relationships among Hawaiian Montipora.

BACKGROUND: Evolutionary patterns of scleractinian (stony) corals are difficult to infer given the existence of few diagnostic characters and pervasive phenotypic plasticity. A previous study of Hawaiian Montipora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) based on five partial mitochondrial and two nuclear genes revealed the existence of a species complex, grouping one of the rarest known species (M. dilatata, which is listed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature - IUCN) with widespread corals of very different colony growth forms (M. flabellata and M. cf. turgescens). These previous results could result from a lack of resolution due to a limited number of markers, compositional heterogeneity or reflect biological processes such as incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) or introgression. RESULTS: All 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes from 55 scleractinians (14 lineages from this study) were used to evaluate if a recent origin of the M. dilatata species complex or rate heterogeneity could be compromising phylogenetic inference. Rate heterogeneity detected in the mitochondrial data set seems to have no significant impacts on the phylogenies but clearly affects age estimates. Dating analyses show different estimations for the speciation of M. dilatata species complex depending on whether taking compositional heterogeneity into account (0.8 [0.05-2.6] Myr) or assuming rate homogeneity (0.4 [0.14-0.75] Myr). Genomic data also provided evidence of introgression among all analysed samples of the complex. RADseq data indicated that M. capitata colour morphs may have a genetic basis. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the volume of data (over 60,000 SNPs), phylogenetic relationships within the M. dilatata species complex remain unresolved most likely due to a recent origin and ongoing introgression. Species delimitation with genomic data is not concordant with the current taxonomy, which does not reflect the true diversity of this group. Nominal species within the complex are either undergoing a speciation process or represent ecomorphs exhibiting phenotypic polymorphisms.

Invasion genetics of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus): recent anthropogenic introduction in Iberia.

Human activities such as trade and transport have increased considerably in the last decades, greatly facilitating the introduction and spread of non-native species at a global level. In the Iberian Peninsula, Fundulus heteroclitus, a small euryhaline coastal fish with short dispersal, was found for the first time in the mid-1970s. Since then, F. heteroclitus has undergone range expansions, colonizing the southern region of Portugal, southwestern coast of Spain and the Ebro Delta in the Mediterranean Sea. Cytochrome b sequences were used to elucidate the species invasion pathway in Iberia. Three Iberian locations (Faro, Cádiz and Ebro Delta) and 13 other locations along the native range of F. heteroclitus in North America were sampled. Results revealed a single haplotype, common to all invasive populations, which can be traced to the northern region of the species' native range. We posit that the origin of the founder individuals is between New York and Nova Scotia. Additionally, the lack of genetic structure within Iberia is consistent with a recent invasion scenario and a strong founder effect. We suggest the most probable introduction vector is associated with the aquarium trade. We further discuss the hypothesis of a second human-mediated introduction responsible for the establishment of individuals in the Ebro Delta supported by the absence of adequate muddy habitats linking Cádiz and the Ebro Delta. Although the species has a high tolerance to salinity and temperature, ecological niche modelling indicates that benthic habitat constraints prevent along-shore colonisation suggesting that such expansions would need to be aided by human release.

Gastrostomia em pediatria: aspecto clínico epidemiológico / Pediatric gastrostomy: epidemiological clinical aspect

Objetivo descrever o perfil clínico epidemiológico de crianças submetidas à cirurgia de gastrostomia. Métodos estudo transversal, documental, retrospectivo desenvolvido em um hospital de referência em saúde da criança. Os dados foram coletados em prontuários e no livro de cirurgias. Resultados entre 39 prontuários analisados a maioria é do sexo feminino, nascidos de parto vaginal, idade gestacional a termo, sem informação sobre o índice de APGAR, com alguma comorbidade, idade entre 0-3 anos. A principal indicação para gastrostomia foi o distúrbio de deglutição de origem muscular ou neurológica com predomínio da técnica cirúrgica, uso de cateter de foley em látex como dispositivo para nutrição enteral, a primeira troca do dispositivo ocorreu entre 21 a 30 dias realizada pelo enfermeiro. Conclusão constatou-se a prevalência de meninas, com idade entre zero a três anos com alguma comorbidade. Os distúrbios de deglutição constituíram a indicação de gastrostomia confeccionada por meio de técnica cirúrgica.

Objective to describe the epidemiological clinical profile of children undergoing gastrostomy surgery. Methods cross-sectional, documentary, retrospective study developed at a referral hospital for child health. Data were collected from records and in the surgery book. Results among 39 medical records analyzed, most were female, born vaginally, gestational age at term, with no information on the Apgar index, with some comorbidity, aged 0-3 years. The main indication for gastrostomy was the swallowing disorder of muscular or neurological origin with predominance of the surgical technique, use of latex Foley catheter as a device for enteral nutrition, the first exchange of the device occurred between 21 to 30 days performed by the nurse. Conclusion the prevalence of girls aged zero to three years with some comorbidity was found. Swallowing disorders were the indication of gastrostomy made by surgical technique.

Different diversity-dependent declines in speciation rate unbalances species richness in terrestrial slugs.

Two genera of terrestrial slugs (Arion and Geomalacus) display a striking disproportion in species richness in the Iberian Peninsula. While there are 17 Iberian endemic species in Arion, morphological criteria only recognize four species within Geomalacus. Sequence data were used to test whether these differences could result from: (1) cryptic diversity within Geomalacus; (2) an earlier origin for Arion (older clades are expected to accumulate more species); (3) distinct patterns of diversification rates (higher initial speciation rates in Arion), and (4) some combination of the above factors (e.g., an older clade with higher speciation rates). Species delimitation tests based on mitochondrial and nuclear data revealed eight cryptic lineages within Geomalacus that lessened the asymmetry; nevertheless, the disparity required further investigation. No meaningful differences in crown group ages of each recovered clade were found. Regardless the different premises of the two equally plausible diversification models (similar initial speciation rates vs. higher initial speciation rates in Geomalacus), both coincide on diversity-dependent diversification for the two groups but weaker rate declines in Arion best explains the observed asymmetry in species richness. Also, the broader environmental tolerance combined with a faster dispersal and wider distribution may have represented an evolutionary advantage for Arion.

Wandering behaviour prevents inter and intra oceanic speciation in a coastal pelagic fish.

Small pelagic fishes have the ability to disperse over long distances and may present complex evolutionary histories. Here, Old World Anchovies (OWA) were used as a model system to understand genetic patterns and connectivity of fish between the Atlantic and Pacific basins. We surveyed 16 locations worldwide using mtDNA and 8 microsatellite loci for genetic parameters, and mtDNA (cyt b; 16S) and nuclear (RAG1; RAG2) regions for dating major lineage-splitting events within Engraulidae family. The OWA genetic divergences (0-0.4%) are compatible with intra-specific divergence, showing evidence of both ancient and contemporary admixture between the Pacific and Atlantic populations, enhanced by high asymmetrical migration from the Pacific to the Atlantic. The estimated divergence between Atlantic and Pacific anchovies (0.67 [0.53-0.80] Ma) matches a severe drop of sea temperature during the Günz glacial stage of the Pleistocene. Our results support an alternative evolutionary scenario for the OWA, suggesting a coastal migration along south Asia, Middle East and eastern Africa continental platforms, followed by the colonization of the Atlantic via the Cape of the Good Hope.

Asymmetrical dispersal and putative isolation-by-distance of an intertidal blenniid across the Atlantic-Mediterranean divide.

Transition zones are of high evolutionary interest because unique patterns of spatial variation are often retained. Here, we investigated the phylogeography of the peacock blenny, Salaria pavo, a small marine intertidal fish that inhabits rocky habitats of the Mediterranean and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. We screened 170 individuals using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from eight locations. Four models of genetic structure were tested: panmixia, isolation-by-distance, secondary contact and phylogeographic break. Results indicated clear asymmetric migration from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic but only marginally supported the isolation-by-distance model. Additionally, the species displays an imprint of demographic expansion compatible with the last glacial maximum. Although the existence of a refugium in the Mediterranean cannot be discarded, the ancestral lineage most likely originated in the Atlantic, where most of the genetic diversity occurs.

High unexpected genetic diversity of a narrow endemic terrestrial mollusc.

The Iberian Peninsula has an extensive record of species displaying strong genetic structure as a result of their survival in isolated pockets throughout the Pleistocene ice ages. We used mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data to analyze phylogeographic patterns in endemic land snails from a valley of central Portugal (Vale da Couda), putatively assigned to Candidula coudensis, that show an exceptionally narrow distributional range. The genetic survey presented here shows the existence of five main mitochondrial lineages in Vale da Couda that do not cluster together suggesting independent evolutionary histories. Our results also indicate a departure from the expectation that species with restricted distributions have low genetic variability. The putative past and contemporary models of geographic distribution of Vale da Couda lineages are compatible with a scenario of species co-existence in more southern locations during the last glacial maximum (LGM) followed by a post-LGM northern dispersal tracking the species optimal thermal, humidity and soil physical conditions.

Drivers of Cape Verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets.

Oceanic archipelagos are the ideal setting for investigating processes that shape species assemblages. Focusing on keyhole limpets, genera Fissurella and Diodora from Cape Verde Islands, we used an integrative approach combining molecular phylogenetics with ocean transport simulations to infer species distribution patterns and analyse connectivity. Dispersal simulations, using pelagic larval duration and ocean currents as proxies, showed a reduced level of connectivity despite short distances between some of the islands. It is suggested that dispersal and persistence driven by patterns of oceanic circulation favouring self-recruitment played a primary role in explaining contemporary species distributions. Mitochondrial and nuclear data revealed the existence of eight Cape Verde endemic lineages, seven within Fissurella, distributed across the archipelago, and one within Diodora restricted to Boavista. The estimated origins for endemic Fissurella and Diodora were 10.2 and 6.7 MY, respectively. Between 9.5 and 4.5 MY, an intense period of volcanism in Boavista might have affected Diodora, preventing its diversification. Having originated earlier, Fissurella might have had more opportunities to disperse to other islands and speciate before those events. Bayesian analyses showed increased diversification rates in Fissurella possibly promoted by low sea levels during Plio-Pleistocene, which further explain differences in species richness between both genera.

Mid-Atlantic elasmobranchs: Suitable metal scouts?

Heavy metals are a hazard to marine fauna and human health. In this study we assess stable isotopes and metal content in Prionace glauca and Isurus oxyrinchus and analyse these results within and among other species and across regions and geographical areas. Also, we evaluate their suitability, together with Raja clavata and Galeorhinus galeus, as Mid-Atlantic bioindicators. Prionace glauca and I. oxyrinchus shared the same trophic level in a pelagic food web and did not present significant differences between genders or metals, except for As. Arsenic and Hg accumulated while Cd and Pb were not detected. One I. oxyrinchus presented Hg values above regulatory limits. A high Hg exposure was associated with I. oxyrinchus since its maximum weekly intake was exceeded. Elasmobranchs can be used as metal sentinels, each presenting different key features which defines a good marine bioindicator, allowing long-term monitoring at different temporal and spatial scales.

Bioaccumulation of metals and PCBs in Raja clavata.

The goal of this study was to assess stable isotopes profiles, metals concentration and PCBs in Raja clavata muscle and liver, according to sex and size, and to elucidate its suitability as a Mid-Atlantic biomonitor. The results reflected bioaccumulation and suggested biomagnification processes for As and Hg in muscle tissue. Cd, Cu and Zn were detected in high amounts in liver, Cr, Mn and Rb were relatively stable and low, Pb was not detected and Sr was present in muscle at high levels, decreasing with length. Hg and Se were strongly correlated, suggesting a mitigation role. Both tissues presented low concentrations of PCBs, especially the dioxin-like congeners, although always higher in liver and not correlated with size. None of these contaminants exceed EU legislated limits. However, they need to be monitored given study area's location, volcanic nature and the expected increase of anthropogenic activity related to future prospective mining activities and the establishment of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between Europe and the USA.

Beach debris in the Azores (NE Atlantic): Faial Island as a first case study.

Marine debris is widely recognised as a global environmental problem. This study assesses density, type, and temporal trends of marine debris in two sandy beaches of Faial Island (Azores, NE-Atlantic). During seven months (six days per month) the beaches were surveyed by performing 10 random transects at each site. Recorded items within the range 2-30 cm were organised into seven categories. Densities of total debris varied from 0 to 1.940 items m(-2), with plastics dominating both areas. Both beaches, presented the highest debris abundance in February, most probably related to prevailing winds and swell. Location and/or time of year also seemed to influence the type of debris present. These findings provide new insights into debris accumulation rates in the Azores, where no previous studies were made. It also confirms the global trend of increased plastics accumulation on shorelines, highlighting the need for further research in remote islands.

Monitoria acadêmica e o cuidado da pessoa com estomia: relato de experiência / Academic mentoring and care for a person with a stoma: experience report / Prácticas academicas y atención para personas ostomizadas: relato de la experiencia

Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar uma experiência de monitoria do curso de graduação em Enfermagem com uma equipe de monitores que foi composta de cinco estudantes sobre o processo de cuidar no período pré-operatório de cirurgia geradora de estomia. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência, desenvolvido no hospital universitário na cidade de Belém-PA, Brasil, no período de março de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, durante aulas práticas na Atividade Curricular Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica, tomando como referência o processo decuidar de pessoas com estomia. Resultados: a monitoria é processo de ensino-aprendizagem que contribui para o desenvolvimento acadêmico concretamente. Conclusão: as atividades desenvolvidas na monitoria impulsionam o aprendizado dos demais estudantes sob a responsabilidade docente e, principalmente, as ações de educação em saúde frente ao processo de reabilitação de pessoas com estomia.

This study aimed to report an experience of academic mentoring of the care process in the perioperative period of ostomy surgery in anundergraduate nursing course, with a group of mentors consisting of five students. Method: A descriptive experience report study conducted at theuniversity hospital in Belém/PA/Brazil, from March of 2011 to December of 2012, during clinical classes on curricular activity in medical-surgical nursing, taking as reference the process of caring for people with a stoma. Results: Mentoring is a teaching-learning process that contributes toconcrete academic development. Conclusion: The mentoring activities stimulate learning by other students under the teaching responsibility, alongwith the actions of health education across the rehabilitation process of people with a stoma.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir una experiencia de monitoreo del curso de grado en Enfermería con un equipo de 5 monitores durante elperíodo pre operatorio de cirugía de ostomía. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, tipo relato de experiencia, desarrollado en el hospital universitariode la ciudad de Belém / PA / Brasil, entre marzo de 2011 y diciembre de 2012, durante las clases prácticas de la asignatura Enfermería Médico quirúrgica,tomando como referencia el proceso de atención de pacientes ostomizados. El monitoreo es el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje que contribuye al desarrollo académico específicamente. Estas prácticas impulsan el aprendizaje de los demás estudiantes bajo responsabilidad de los docentes y, principalmente, las acciones de educación en salud ante el proceso de rehabilitación de los pacientes ostomizados.

Genetic and morphometric diversity of the goldcrest (Regulus regulus) populations in the Azores.

We studied the genetic diversity and phylogeography of the goldcrest Regulus regulus from the archipelago of the Azores (North Atlantic Ocean) based on sequences of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) and one nuclear gene in the Z-chromosome (intron 9 of the aconitase 1) from 69 individuals, and 41 birds from the Canary Islands and continental Europe for outgroup comparison. To understand the level of concordance between the genetic data and possible morphometric variability, 197 adult living birds from the seven Azorean islands where the species breeds were analysed in terms of eight morphometric characters. Our results are in accordance with previous studies, indicating a recent expansion of goldcrests throughout the archipelago and a low divergence in relation to continental Europe. Within the Azores, there is evidence of historical and/or recent gene flow among the island's populations, revealing a lack of current genetic structure within the archipelago. Only goldcrests from Flores Island seem to be genetically distinct and showed significantly larger body mass and tarsus length than birds on the other islands.

Wider sampling reveals a non-sister relationship for geographically contiguous lineages of a marine mussel.

The accuracy of phylogenetic inference can be significantly improved by the addition of more taxa and by increasing the spatial coverage of sampling. In previous studies, the brown mussel Perna perna showed a sister-lineage relationship between eastern and western individuals contiguously distributed along the South African coastline. We used mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS) sequence data to further analyze phylogeographic patterns within P. perna. Significant expansion of the geographical coverage revealed an unexpected pattern. The western South African lineage shared the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) with specimens from Angola, Venezuela, and Namibia, whereas eastern South African specimens and Mozambique grouped together, indicating a non-sister relationship for the two South African lineages. Two plausible biogeographic scenarios to explain their origin were both supported by the hypotheses-testing analysis. One includes an Indo-Pacific origin for P. perna, dispersal into the Mediterranean and Atlantic through the Tethys seaway, followed by recent secondary contact after southward expansion of the western and eastern South African lineages. The other scenario (Out of South Africa) suggests an ancient vicariant divergence of the two lineages followed by their northward expansion. Nevertheless, the "Out of South Africa" hypothesis would require a more ancient divergence between the two lineages. Instead, our estimates indicated that they diverged very recently (310 kyr), providing a better support for an Indo-Pacific origin of the two South African lineages. The arrival of the MRCA of P. perna in Brazil was estimated at 10 [0-40] kyr. Thus, the hypothesis of a recent introduction in Brazil through hull fouling in wooden vessels involved in the transatlantic itineraries of the slave trade did not receive strong support, but given the range for this estimate, it could not be discarded. Wider geographic sampling of marine organisms shows that lineages with contiguous distributions need not share a common ancestry.