Anthropometric and demographic factors affecting distance hopped and limb symmetry index for the crossover hop-for-distance test in high school athletes.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study using a random selection from an accessible population. OBJECTIVES: We examined anthropometric and demographic characteristics affecting distance hopped (DH) and limb symmetry index (LSI) in the crossover hop-for-distance test in uninjured high school athletes. BACKGROUND: Between-subject comparisons of hop test results described by DH and LSI are common in the literature and clinical practice. The effect that anthropometric traits and demographic characteristics have on these measures is uncertain but must be known to correctly interpret hop-for-distance test results in research or to determine suitability of return to sports. METHODS AND MEASURES: For 201 high school athletes (age = 15.15+/-1.45 years, mean weight = 63.67+/-14.02 kg, mean height = 167.92+/-9.58 cm) completing the crossover hop-for-distance test, we recorded maximum DH for each leg and calculated the LSI of each subject. We performed 2 separate step-wise regression analysis models to develop predictive equations for DH and LSI. RESULTS: Age (r = 0.36), weight r = 0.41), and body fat percentage (r = 0.58) were significant predictors of DH, with the regression model explaining 59% of the variability. None of the measured variables were significant predictors of LSI (r = 0.03). The regression model explained only 3% of the variability of LSI. CONCLUSIONS: The LSI for the crossover hop-for-distance test can be compared among all individuals without subdividing into groups. Subject characteristics should be as homogeneous as possible when comparing DH among subjects or groups.

Arthroscopic classification and treatment of lateral epicondylitis: two-year clinical results.

We assessed the clinical utility of 42 arthroscopic releases for lateral epicondylitis in 40 patients (average age, 43 years) with an average of 14 months of symptomatic history before surgery. At arthroscopy, we found 15 type I lesions (intact capsule), 15 type II lesions (linear capsular tear), and 12 type III lesions (complete capsular tear), and associated disorders were found in 69% of the patients. At an average follow-up of 2.8 years, patients were asked to report on elbow pain and function. Subjectively, the patients rated their pain at rest as an average of 0.9 (0 = no pain; 10 = severe pain). They rated their pain with activities of daily living as 1.4 and their pain with sports and work as 1.9. Functionally, they averaged 11.1 of 12 possible points. Of the 39 elbows in the 37 patients who were available for follow-up, 37 were rated "better" or "much better." Patients returned to work in an average of 2.2 weeks. Grip strength averaged 96% of the strength of the unaffected limb. Arthroscopic tennis elbow release is a reliable treatment that allows patients an expedited return to work and may result in greater postsurgical grip strength.

Nonunion of the fractured clavicle: evaluation, etiology, and treatment.

Although often viewed as benign injuries, clavicular fractures can lead to complications, particularly nonunions. The nonunion rate has been reported to be between 0.1% and 15%. Contributing factors to nonunion include severe initial trauma, marked initial displacement and shortening, soft tissue interposition, primary open reduction and internal fixation, refracture, open fracture, polytrauma, and inadequate initial immobilization. A clavicular nonunion is rarely asymptomatic and often results in disability from pain at the site of nonunion, altered shoulder mechanics, or a compression lesion involving the underlying brachial plexus or vascular structures. Treatment options include nonsurgical management, salvage procedures, and reconstructive procedures. The present goal is to obtain union with reconstructive procedures. The fixation methods described range from external fixation to plate and screw osteosynthesis. We prefer open reduction and internal fixation with plates and screws and with intercalary tricorticocancellous grafts to obtain union and restore the clavicle to its normal length.

Initial biomechanical properties of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction autografts.

To provide more information to consider when selecting a reconstruction technique, we did a side-by-side comparison of some of the initial biomechanical properties of currently accepted reconstruction methods. Our research hypotheses were that a quadrupled, woven semitendinosus and gracilis graft is as strong as any of the other commonly used graft materials and that quadrupling and weaving the hamstring graft may increase the stiffness of the overall construct Using lower extremity cadaveric specimens harvested from young donors, we fashioned seven each of seven types of graft: 9-mm, 10-mm, and 11-mm-wide patellar tendon graft (PTG); 10-mm-wide central quadriceps tendon graft; doubled semitendinosus graft; tripled semitendinosus graft; and quadrupled, woven semitendinosus and gracilis graft. Specimens were stripped of remaining soft tissue, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) constructs were created for biomechanical testing. The tibia was translated anteriorly on the femur, mimicking a pivot shift maneuver, andfailure strength, failure mechanism, and construct stiffness were recorded. No differences in mean strength were detected. The quadrupled, woven graft was significantly stiffer than the doubled semitendinosus graft and no less stiff than any of the PTG constructs. All grafts showed similar and adequate initial absolute strength to reconstruct the ACL. Quadrupling and weaving the semitendinosus and gracilis graft increases the stiffness of the reconstructed specimen to a level statistically similar to that of specimens reconstructed with a PTG.

The results of total knee arthroplasty in workers' compensation patients.

Total knee arthroplasty was evaluated in 10 patients with post-traumatic osteoarthrosis secondary to work-related knee injuries (age- and sex-matched with 10 controls who had total knee arthroplasties for nonwork-related osteoarthrosis) to determine if Workers' Compensation status influenced treatment outcome. Using the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Rating System (maximum possible score: 100), most recent follow-up scores averaged 64.1 for Workers' Compensation patients and 91.9 for controls. Subjective indices (pain, function) were significantly different between groups (p < 0.05), but objective indices (range of motion, strength, deformity, instability) were not. No significant differences were noted between groups on either immediate postoperative or most recent follow-up radiographs (which were assessed for alignment and radiolucencies at implant surfaces, respectively). Suboptimal outcomes can be anticipated in total knee arthroplasties performed on Workers' Compensation patients, particularly in cases where claims have not been settled at the time of surgery.