Sub-clinical parasitism in spring-born, beef suckler calves: epidemiology and impact on growth performance during the first grazing season.

Sub-clinical parasitism in spring-born single suckled beef calves was investigated from the middle of their first grazing season until weaning or housing later the same year. The study was conducted on four beef suckler herds in southern England over a 3-year period and involved a total of 334 spring-born beef suckler calves and their dams. The animals were grazed extensively on pastures naturally infected with nematode larvae. At the start of each period of observation, faecal samples were taken from calves and cows and subjected to routine worm egg counts; calves were re-sampled at the end of the grazing season. In July in each year and at each location the calves were ranked by initial weight within sex, paired according to rank and randomly allocated to either an untreated control group or a group in which the calves were each treated with an ivermectin sustained-release (SR) bolus. The calves in both trial groups, and their dams, were grazed together until weaning or housing. The calves were weighed at the initial allocation and at the end of the study. The adult cows were not treated with any anthelmintic during the study. The faecal nematode egg counts (FECs) conducted in July showed that the suckler cows were excreting worm eggs at low concentrations: range 0-100 eggs per gram (epg), with one individual count of 500epg, 88% of the cows sampled had counts of <50epg. Similarly, the counts from the calf samples were fairly low in July: range 0-250epg, 73% of the calves sampled had counts of <50epg. By the end of the grazing season, the faecal samples from the untreated control calves showed higher values: range 0-650epg, with only 58% having an epg of <50. The average rate of daily liveweight gain in the untreated heifer calves was 0.79kg per day, the corresponding figure for the heifer calves treated with the ivermectin SR bolus in mid-summer was 0.88kg per day; the difference of 90g per day was significantly different (P=0.0118). The average rate of daily liveweight gain in the untreated bull calves was 0.91kg per day, the corresponding figure for the bull calves treated with the ivermectin SR bolus in mid-summer was 1.01kg per day; the difference was significantly different (P=0.0169).

Oxytocin excites neurones in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the lactating rat in vitro.

Unit recordings were made in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in brain slices obtained from lactating rats. Addition of 10(-8) to 10(-6) M oxytocin to the perfusate caused a reversible and repeatable excitation in 28/53 (53%) of neurones. The excitatory effect of oxytocin was completely blocked in the presence of the antagonist [d(CH2)5,D-Tyr(OEt)2,Val4,Cit8]vasopressin (5 x 10(-7) M) and a smaller excitation was achieved with equimolar concentration of arginine vasopressin, implicating the involvement of an oxytocin receptor. This effect is discussed in relation to the actions of centrally administered oxytocin in the lactating rat.