ABSTRACT
Cognitive changes are reported infrequently in programs targeting cardiovascular risk. We examined self-efficacy, behavioral barriers and health beliefs in a lifestyle program for drug-treated hypertensives that aimed to reduce blood pressure, antihypertensive drug needs and cardiovascular risk. In a randomized controlled trial, we compared usual care (controls) and a 4-month program focusing on weight loss, diet and exercise. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 4 months and 1-year follow-up. Of 241 individuals randomized, 102/123 in the program and 90/118 of controls completed follow-up. In the program group, dietary barriers fell by 14% at 4 months (controls 2%, P = 0.025) and by 8% at follow-up (controls 3%, P = 0.010). Exercise barriers fell by 11% at 4 months (controls 3%, P = 0.020) and 17% (controls 4%, P = 0.002) at follow-up. Dietary self-efficacy improved by 3% at 4 months (controls -1%, P = 0.003) and by 2% at follow-up (controls -1%, P = 0.051). Exercise self-efficacy increased by 8% at 4 months (controls 3%, P < 0.001) and by 5% at follow-up (controls 3%, P = 0.130). Changes in cognitive variables predicted changes in health-related behaviors at 4 months and follow-up. A cognitively based lifestyle program in treated hypertensives is associated with improvements in cognitive measures in the shorter and longer term.
Subject(s)
Cognition , Health Promotion/methods , Hypertension/therapy , Life Style , Adult , Aged , Diet/methods , Exercise , Female , Health Behavior , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Self Efficacy , Social Support , Weight LossABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dog and cat ownership and gastroenteritis in young children. A diary study of 965 children aged 4-6 years living in rural or semi-rural South Australia was undertaken. Data were collected on pet ownership, drinking water and other risk factors for gastroenteritis. Overall 89% of households had pets and dog ownership was more common than cat ownership. The multivariable models for gastroenteritis and pet ownership indicated that living in a household with a dog or cat was associated with a reduced risk of gastroenteritis (adj. OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55-0.92; OR 0.70, % CI 0.51-0.97 respectively). This paper adds to the evidence that pets are not a major source of gastroenteritis in the home and lends support to the health benefits of pet ownership. However, this must be weighed against the potential negative consequences, such as dog bites, particularly for this age group.
