[Haemorrhagic shock after severe abdominal trauma in children: knowing when to change from conservative to surgical management]. / Choc hémorragique après traumatisme abdominal grave chez l'enfant : savoir opter pour l'attitude interventionnelle chirurgicale.

Abdominal vascular injuries following a serious falling out are quite rare in children. They can lead to haemorrhagic shock whose etiological diagnosis may be difficult in children in case of multiple trauma. The current management of abdominal injuries in the child is usually conservative, surgery being indicated in haemodynamically unstable patients. We report the case of a 7-year-old girl who presented with abdominal trauma with rupture of the hepatic artery and shredding of the splenic vein following a falling out of 10 meters. Aggressive resuscitation associated with early laparotomy for haemostasis, contrary to usual practices advocated in such a context, have helped control the hemorrhagic shock and stabilize the haemodynamic status of the child. The subsequent evolution was favourable, with full recovery. While a conservative attitude usually prevails in the management of traumatic intra abdominal bleeding in children an interventional attitude with emergency surgery must be sometimes considered.

[Haemorrhagic shock during cerebrospinal fluid shunt procedure. Reassessment of the anaesthetic or surgical practice?]. / Chocs hémorragiques au cours de dérivation interne du liquide céphalorachidien. Faut-il revoir la pratique anesthésique ou chirurgicale?

We report two cases of perioperative haemorrhagic shock after accidental puncture of trunc vessels, during emergency shunt procedures in children who suffer of severe intracranial hypertension. In both cases it's the peritoneal internalization of the shunt with Portnoy trocar which is responsible of these deep vascular wounds. Evolution was favourable in both cases with cardiovascular resuscitation, transfusion and surgical haemostatic correction. Few days later, an internal shunt was performed in the second patient, while the first patient did not need shunt anymore. These two accidents lead to the discussion of the surgical procedure with surgeons, in order to have a better prevention against this complication. We also discuss our anaesthesiological practice from preoperative to perioperative period of this usually non-haemorrhagic surgical procedure.

[Anesthesia-resuscitation for intracranial expansive processes in children]. / Anesthésie-réanimation des processus expansifs intracrâniens de l'enfant.

The most frequent space-occupying cerebral lesions in children are brain tumors, mostly posterior fossa tumors and haematoma resulting from arteriovenous malformation rupture. They result in intracranial hypertension, directly or by compression of the cerebrospinal fluid pathway resulting in hydrocephalus. Their localization and compressive effects are responsible for specific neurological deficits and general problems. Posterior fossa lesions carry a high risk of obstructive hydrocephalus, cranial nerves palsy and brain stem compression, pituitary and chiasmatic tumors a risk of blindness, pituitary deficiency and diabetes insipidus, and cortical tumors a risk of motor deficit and epilepsy. All these parameters must be analyzed before choosing anaesthetic protocols, and surgical techniques. In the presence of life-threatening intracranial hypertension, emergency anaesthetic induction, tracheal intubation and ventilation are life-saving. The specific treatment consists in either hydrocephalus derivation, initial medical treatment with osmotherapy, or rarely surgical removal. In other situations, surgical process requires a highly deep, stable anaesthesia with perfect control of cerebral haemodynamics. Surgical positioning is complex for these long lasting procedures and carries specific risks. The most common is venous air embolism in the sitting position that must be prevented by the use of specific measures. In the postoperative period, the risk of neurological and general complications commands close surveillance, fast track extubation must be adapted on an individual basis.

Non-invasive aortic blood flow measurement in infants during repair of craniosynostosis.

We have assessed the potential clinical benefit of a new echo-Doppler device (Dynemo 3000) which provides a continuous measure of aortic blood flow (ABF) using an aortic flowmeter and a paediatric oesophageal probe, during repair of craniosynostosis in infants under general anaesthesia. The data recorded included: ABFi (i = indexed to body surface area), stroke volume (SVi), systemic vascular resistance (TSVRi), pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and central venous pressure (CVP). Data were collected: before (T1) and 3 min after skin incision (T2), at the time of maximal haemorrhage (T3) and at the end of the procedure (T4). Twelve infants (aged 7.0 (range 6-12) months) were included. ABFi, MAP and CVP were significantly lower at T3 compared with T1 (2.0 (0.8) vs 3.0 (0.8) litre min-1 m-2, 46.1 (5.8) vs 65.2 (8.9) mm Hg and 2.8 (1.6) vs 5.2 (2.1) mm Hg; P < 0.05). PEP/LVET ratio was significantly lower at T2 compared with T1 (0.25 (0.05) vs 0.30 (0.06)) and increased at T4 (0.36 (0.04); P < 0.05). These preliminary results suggest that this non-invasive ABF echo-Doppler device may be useful for continuous haemodynamic monitoring during a surgical procedure associated with haemorrhage in infants.

Prevention of venous air embolism in paediatric neurosurgical procedures performed in the sitting position by combined use of MAST suit and PEEP.

We studied 60 children undergoing neurosurgical procedures in the sitting position. Routine monitoring included ECG, pulse oximetry, invasive arterial pressure, in particular mean arterial pressure (MAP), and right atrial pressure (RAP). Children were allocated to two groups. In group B lower body positive pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were used for preventing venous air embolism (VAE). In this group, antishock trousers (MAST suit) were adjusted in supine children. After induction of anaesthesia, different positions were studied: supine and sitting before MAST suit inflation, sitting with MAST suit inflated up to a pressure of 40 mmHg in the lower compartments and 30 mmHg in the abdominal compartment, and finally a combination of lower body positive pressure and PEEP of 8-10 cm H2O. In group A no MAST suit or PEEP was used. Continuous monitoring of end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure throughout (PE'CO2) was used to detect VAE. In order to evaluate the transmission of pressures from the right atrium to the veins at the base of the skull, jugular bulb venous pressure (JBVP) was measured in 20 patients by retrograde catheterization. The incidence of VAE was compared in the two groups. On placing children into the sitting position, a significant decrease in RAP and JBVP was noted without significant changes in MAP in the two groups. Inflation of the MAST suit induced a dramatic increase in RAP and JBVP, reinforced by addition of PEEP. There was a strong positive relationship between RAP and JBVP. There were no deleterious side effects or differences between the two groups in peroperative blood product requirements or surgical general conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)