ABSTRACT
One important strategy to increase vaccination coverage is to minimize missed opportunities for vaccination. Missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination (MOSV) occur when a child receives one or more vaccines but not all those for which they are eligible at a given visit. Household surveys that record children's vaccination dates can be used to quantify occurrence of MOSVs and their impact on achievable vaccination coverage. We recently automated some MOSV analyses in the World Health Organization's freely available software: Vaccination Coverage Quality Indicators (VCQI) making it straightforward to study MOSVs for any Demographic & Health Survey (DHS), Multi-Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), or Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) survey. This paper uses VCQI to analyze MOSVs for basic vaccine doses among children aged 12-23 months in four rounds of DHS in Colombia (1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010) and five rounds of DHS in Nigeria (1999, 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018). Outcomes include percent of vaccination visits MOSVs occurred, percent of children who experienced MOSVs, percent of MOSVs that remained uncorrected (that is, the missed vaccine had still not been received at the time of the survey), and the distribution of time-to-correction for children who received the MOSV dose at a later visit.
ABSTRACT
For the purpose of research a large quantity of anti-measles IgG working reference serum was needed. A pool of sera from five teenagers was prepared and named Alexandre Herculano (AH). In order to calibrate the AH serum, 18 EIA assays were performed testing in parallel AH and the 2nd International Standard 1990, Anti-Measles Antibody, 66/202 (IS) in a range of dilutions (from 1/50 to 1/25600). A method which compared parallel lines resulting from the graphic representation of the results of laboratory tests was used to estimate the power of AH relative to IS. A computer programme written by one of the authors was used to analyze the data and make potency estimates. Another method of analysis was used, comparing logistic curves relating serum concentrations with optical density by EIA. For that purpose an existing computer programme (WRANL) was used. The potency of AH relative to IS, by either method, was estimated to be 2.4. As IS has 5000 milli international units (mIU) of anti-measles IgG per millilitre (ml), we concluded that AH has 12000 mIU/ml.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Calibration , Measles Vaccine/immunology , Reference Standards , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Measles/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A tecnica de doseamento imunoenzimatico (ELISA) de IgG anti-sarampo (IgG-AS) e a mais pratica e conveniente para estudos com muitos soros. A tecnica de referencia e a reducao de neutralizacao em placa (RNP). Para avaliar a concordancia dos resultados obtidos por ELISA e pela tecnica padrao RNP, comparamos os resultados de doseamentos efetuados pelas duas tecnicas em 43 pares de soros de puerperas e respectivos recem-nascidos (cordao umbilical), e ainda nos soros dessas criancas em amostras colhidas entre os 11 e os 14 meses de idade. Nos soros maternos e do cordao umbilical, as diferencas medias das concentracoes de IgG-AS medidas por ELISA ou RNP nao eram estatisticamente significativas. No entanto, a nivel individual as diferencas eram por vezes grandes. A concordancia nao era tao boa no caso dos soros infantis, nos quais os niveis de anticorpos residuais eram muito baixos...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Measles Vaccine , Reference Standards , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Neutralization Tests , Placenta/immunology , Serologic TestsABSTRACT
La vigilancia es la base de la práctica de la salud pública. En este artículo se examina la experiencia de la vigilancia en el Programa Ampliado de Inmunización (PAI). Los sistemas de vigilancia incluyen la notificación regular, la vigilancia centinela y la notificación comunitaria. Los datos de las actividades de vigilancia deben vincularse a los obtenidos con la supervisión, la evaluación de centros asistenciales, encuestas de población y la investigación de brotes, con objeto de proporcionar información para la planificación, ejecución, evaluación y modificación de programas. Al evaluar los sistemas de vigilancia se debe determinar la medida en que se usan los datos para formular políticas y mejorar programas, así como la simplicidad, exactitud, integridad, puntualidad y costo de los datos. La vigilancia de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles ha evolucionado a medida que los programas han ido madurando, para monitorear el progreso hacia las metas de control de enfermedades. La adopción de las metas de reducir los casos de sarampión en 90 por ciento, eliminar el tétanos neonatal y erradicar la poliomielitis ha puesto de relieve la necesidad de disponer de sistemas de vigilancia efectiva de las enfermedades. Es necesario aprovechar esta oportunidad para promover el fortalecimiento de los sistemas nacionales de vigilancia de las enfermedades, a fin de convertirlos en instrumentos efectivos de prevención y control de enfermedades importantes para la salud pública (AU)
Publicado en inglés en: Bull. WHO. Vol. 71(5), 1993