ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ambulatory care pharmacists can enhance economic and clinical outcomes as part of interdisciplinary health care teams. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have complex medication regimens, potentially resulting in dosing errors and drug interactions. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the impact that clinic-based pharmacists may have in populations comprising ambulatory patients with CKD. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: Community-owned, not-for-profit health system with outpatient, primary, and specialty care clinics. PRACTICE INNOVATION: This quality-assurance, cohort, interventional study included patients aged at least 18 years with a CKD- or end-stage renal disease-associated diagnosis code seen by a clinic primary care provider at least once between January and June 2019. Primary outcomes included the number of medications requiring pharmacist intervention, pharmacist-initiated recommendations, and associated outcomes. EVALUATION METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to 2 cohorts. Providers of patients in the proactive pharmacist intervention group were notified of pharmacist recommendations immediately after initial data collection. Providers of patients in the group undergoing usual care (control group) were notified of identified medication recommendations after a 3-month period of usual care. Demographics were assessed using descriptive statistics. Differences in CKD staging, number of recommendations made, and provider responses were assessed using the chi-square, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: A total of 182 patients were eligible for inclusion. In the intervention group, 22.1% of patients were identified as having inappropriately dosed medications versus 19.5% in the control group. In the intervention group, 46 of the 95 patients (48.4%) had an inaccurate CKD stage documented compared with 48 of the 87 patients (55.2%) in the control group (P = 0.772). The rate of pharmacist recommendation rejection substantially decreased between the intervention and control groups' provider responses (24% to 11.8%). CONCLUSION: Pharmacist-initiated recommendations resulted in the identification and resolution of medication-dosing errors and improved collaboration between providers and pharmacists.
