ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A high prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions characterizes patients with chronic kidney disease, though there is little data on the relationship between kidney function and atherosclerotic changes in the healthy population or in people with no known renal impairment. The aim of our study was to analyze, in a comprehensive general population with no known kidney disease, the relationship between renal function and subclinical carotid atherosclerotic damage. METHODS AND RESULTS: A general real-life population of 611 participants (233 males and 378 females; age ≥18 years) with no known kidney failure was selected for the study. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated according to the CKD-EPI equation. Carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) and plaques were assessed by duplex Doppler ultrasonography of the carotid vessels. The main laboratory and metabolic parameters were evaluated in all participants. When we divided the overall study population into tertiles according to GFR values (I tertile <85; II tertile: 85-99; III tertile >99 ml/min/1.73 m2), the c-IMT mean values and the prevalence of carotid plaques decreased with the increasing tertile of GFR. On univariate analysis, c-IMT was significantly correlated with eGFR (r = -0.33; p < 0.001), serum creatinine (r = 0.17; p < 0.001), and other variables such as age, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting or random glycemia, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). On multiple regression analysis, serum creatinine was associated with c-IMT (ß = 0.069; p = 0.017), independent of other covariates. CONCLUSION: Our study seems to suggest the importance of early identification of people with near normal or mildly decreased renal function due to its association with carotid atherosclerosis.
Subject(s)
Carotid Arteries , Carotid Artery Diseases/physiopathology , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Kidney Diseases/physiopathology , Kidney/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Asymptomatic Diseases , Carotid Arteries/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Artery Diseases/epidemiology , Carotid Intima-Media Thickness , Chi-Square Distribution , Cross-Sectional Studies , Early Diagnosis , Female , Humans , Italy/epidemiology , Kidney Diseases/diagnosis , Kidney Diseases/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Plaque, Atherosclerotic , Predictive Value of Tests , Prevalence , Prognosis , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Ultrasonography, Doppler, DuplexABSTRACT
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is considered the best marker for the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Mutations of the s gene involving amino acid substitutions within the a determinant could affect the sensitivity of diagnostic tests. In the present study, HBsAg mutants were detected in 3 immunocompromised patients, previously found to be HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive. All patients had high levels of HBV-DNA, whereas HBsAg tests gave discordant results. Immunosuppression can cause viral reactivation of occult HBV infection in these patients and favour the selection of HBsAg a determinant mutants.
