Determining the Aethalometer multiple scattering enhancement factor C from the filter loading parameter.

Light-absorbing aerosols heat the atmosphere; an accurate quantification of their absorption coefficient is mandatory. However, standard reference instruments (CAPS, MAAP, PAX, PTAAM) are not always available at each measuring site around the world. By integrating all previous published studies concerning the Aethalometers, the AE33 filter loading parameter, provided by the dual-spot algorithm, were used to determine the multiple scattering enhancement factor from the Aethalometer itself (hereinafter CAE) on an yearly and a monthly basis. The method was developed in Milan, where Aethalometer measurements were compared with MAAP data; the comparison showed a good agreement in terms of equivalent black carbon (R2 = 0.93; slope = 1.02 and a negligible intercept = 0.12 µg m-3) leading to a yearly experimental multiple scattering enhancement factor of 2.51 ± 0.04 (hereinafter CMAAP). On a yearly time base the CAE values obtained using the new approach was 2.52 ± 0.01, corresponding to the experimental one (CMAAP). Considering the seasonal behavior, higher experimental CMAAP and computed CAE values were found in summer (2.83 ± 0.12) whereas, the lower ones in winter/early-spring (2.37 ± 0.03), in agreement with the single scattering albedo behavior in the Po Valley. Overall, the agreement between the experimental CMAAP and CAE showed a root mean squared error (RMSE) of just 0.038 on the CMAAP prediction, characterized by a slope close to 1 (1.001 ± 0.178), a negligible intercept (-0.002 ± 0.455) and a high degree of correlation (R2 = 0.955). From an environmental point of view, the application of a dynamic (space/time) determination of CAE increases the accuracy of the aerosol heating rate (compared to applying a fixed C value) up to 16 % solely in Milan, and to 114 % when applied in the Arctic at 80°N.

"Purple Drank" (Codeine and Promethazine Cough Syrup): A Systematic Review of a Social Phenomenon with Medical Implications.

In the early 1990s, several studies reported the misuse of codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup. Since then, the combination of this pharmaceutical, together with sprite or alcohol, known on the streets as "purple drank" or "lean", has become a popular drug among rap singers who promote its tranquilizing and euphoric effects through their music and videos. This review examines the "purple drank" phenomenon, taking into consideration its clinical and social implications. The study was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science as search engines, applying several inclusion and exclusion criteria and the string "Purple AND drank", resulting in 138 records. Seven papers that met our criteria were found. The risk of bias assessment, when applicable, was also considered, resulting in a low level of risk. Epidemiological data highlighted a heterogeneous diffusion of the misuse of this mixture, which is not exclusively linked to a specific type of user (African-American teenagers, athletes, and rappers), as previously reported in American newspapers and in the social media. New digital tools should be taken into consideration for further social and medical evaluations of this phenomenon.

Expression and distribution of leptin and its receptors in the digestive tract of DIO (diet-induced obese) zebrafish.

The expression and localization of leptin (A and B) and its receptor family in control and diet-induced obese (DIO) adult male zebrafish gut, after 5-weeks overfeeding, administering Artemia nauplii, as fat-rich food, were investigated. Recently, the obese adult zebrafish was considered an experimental model with pathophysiological pathways similar to mammalian obesity. Currently, there are no reports about leptin in fish obesity, or in a state of altered energy balance. By qRT-PCR, leptin A and leptin B expression levels were significantly higher in DIO zebrafish gut than in the control group (CTRL), and the lowest levels of leptin receptor mRNA appeared in DIO zebrafish gut. The presence of leptin and its receptor proteins in the intestinal tract was detected by western blot analysis in both control and DIO zebrafish. By single immunohistochemical staining, leptin and leptin receptor immunoreactive endocrine cells were identified in the intestinal tract either in DIO or control zebrafish. Moreover, leptin immunopositive enteric nervous system elements were observed in both groups. By double immunohistochemical staining, leptin and its receptor were colocalized especially in DIO zebrafish. Thus, our study represents a starting point in the investigation of a possible involvement of leptin in control of energy homeostasis in control and DIO zebrafish.

Lifestyle use of drugs by healthy people for enhancing cognition, creativity, motivation and pleasure.

Today, there is continued, and in some cases growing, availability of not only psychoactive substances, including treatments for mental health disorders such as cognitive enhancers, which can enhance or restore brain function, but also 'recreational' drugs such as novel psychoactive substances (NPS). The use of psychoactive drugs has both benefits and risks: whilst new drugs to treat cognitive symptoms in neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders could have great benefits for many patient groups, the increasing ease of accessibility to recreational NPS and the increasing lifestyle use of cognitive enhancers by healthy people means that the effective management of psychoactive substances will be an issue of increasing importance. Clearly, the potential benefits of cognitive enhancers are large and increasingly relevant, particularly as the population ages, and for this reason, we should continue to devote resources to the development of cognitive enhancers as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia. However, the increasing use of cognitive enhancers by healthy individuals raises safety, ethical and regulatory concerns, which should not be ignored. Similarly, understanding the short- and long-term consequences of the use of NPS, as well as better understanding the motivations and profiles of users could promote more effective prevention and harm reduction measures. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc.

WITHDRAWN: Neurotrophins and specific receptors in the oviduct tracts of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Ann. Anat., 210 (2017) 112 ­ 120>, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2016.04.034. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.

Neurotrophins and specific receptors in the oviduct tracts of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF and NT-3) and their specific receptors (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC) were studied in the oviduct of egg laying quails. Neurotrophins (NTs) are mainly involved in the development and maintenance of neuronal populations in the central and peripheral nervous system, but also in reproductive system. In this survey, we first studied the morphological organization of the quail oviduct, distinguished in infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina, and then we analyzed the expression and localization of NTs and Trks receptors in the whole tracts. By western blotting we detected that the investigated NTs and Trks receptors are expressed in all oviductal tracts. By immunohistochemistry we were able to define the distribution of NTs and Trks. Specifically, NGF, BDNF and NT3 were localized in lining and ductal epithelial cells, and NGF was also detected in secretory cells of tubular glands and in nervous fibers of vessel wall. TrkA and TrkB were present in the lining and ductal epithelium; TrkA and TrkC were present in nervous fibers of vessel wall in all oviductal tracts. Furthermore, we also observed NGF and BDNF co-localized with TrkA and TrkB in cells of the lining and ductal epithelium, suggesting an autocrine mechanism of action.

Neurotrophin-4 in the brain of adult Nothobranchius furzeri.

Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a member of the well-known family of neurotrophins that regulate the development of neuronal networks by participating in neuronal survival and differentiation, the growth of neuronal processes, synaptic development and plasticity, as well as myelination. NT-4 interacts with two distinct receptors: TrkB, high affinity receptor and p75 low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)). In the present survey, we identified the gene encoding NT-4 in the teleost Nothobranchius furzeri, a model species for aging research. The identified gene shows a similarity of about 72% with medaka, the closest related species. The neuroanatomical localization of NT-4 mRNA is obtained by using an LNA probe. NT-4 mRNA expression is observed in neurons and glial cells of the forebrain and hindbrain, with very low signal found in the midbrain. This survey confirms that NT-4 is expressed in the brain of N. furzeri during adulthood, suggesting that it could also be implicated in the maintenance and regulation of neuronal functions.

Propolis and swimming in the prevention of atherogenesis and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypercholesterolemic mice.

AIMS: The present study verified the effect of propolis alone and its association with swimming in dyslipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and atherogenesis of hypercholesterolemic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: The experiments were performed in LDLr-/- mice, fed with high fat diet for 75 days, and were divided into four experimental groups (n=10): HL, sedentary, subjected to aquatic stress (5 min per day, 5 times per week); NAT submitted to a swimming protocol (1 hour per day, 5 times per week) from the 16th day of the experiment; PRO, sedentary, submitted to aquatic stress and which received oral propolis extract (70 uL/animal/day) from the 16th day of the experiment; HL+NAT+PRO, submitted to swimming and which received propolis as described above. After 75 days, blood was collected for analysis of serum lipids. The ratio between the ventricular weight (mg) and the animal weight (g) was calculated. Histological sections of the heart and aorta were processed immunohistochemically with anti-CD40L antibodies to evaluate the inflammatory process; stained with hematoxylin/eosin and picrosirius red to assess morphological and morphometric alterations. The HL animals showed severe dyslipidemia, atherogenesis and left ventricular hypertrophy, associated with a decrease in serum HDLc levels and subsequent development of cardiovascular inflammatory process, characterized by increased expression of CD40L in the left ventricle and aorta. Swimming and propolis alone and\or associated prevented the LVH, atherogenesis and arterial and ventricular inflammation, decreasing the CD40L expression and increasing the HDLc plasmatic levels. CONCLUSION: Propolis alone or associated with a regular physical activity is beneficial in cardiovascular protection through anti-inflammatory action.

GDNF and GFRα co-receptor family in the developing feline gut.

Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the GFRα co-receptors play a role in the developing enteric nervous system. The co-receptors elicit their action by binding receptor tyrosine kinase RET. This immunohistochemical study reports the presence of GDNF and its specific co-receptor GFRα1 in the cat gastrointestinal apparatus during development, from stage 9 to 22. At stage 9 and 11, immunoreactivity (IR) to GDNF was observed in the cells of mesenchyme of the anterior gut. From stage 14 to 22, GDNF IR was detected in nervous plexuses; moreover, GDNF and GFRα1 IR appeared localized in gastrointestinal endocrine cells. The presence of GDNF in the enteric nervous system and in the endocrine cells suggests an involvement of this neurotrophic factor in the gastrointestinal development. Moreover, the presence of the co-receptor GFRα1 in endocrine cells and its absence in the enteric nervous system seems to indicate a different mode of transduction of GDNF signal. GFRα2 and GFRα3 co-receptors were not detected.

Nerve growth factor in the adult brain of a teleostean model for aging research: Nothobranchius furzeri.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) acts on central nervous system neurons, regulating naturally occurring cell death, synaptic connectivity, fiber guidance and dendritic morphology. The dynamically regulated production of NGF beginning in development, extends throughout adult life and aging, exerting numerous roles through a surprising variety of neurons and glial cells. This study analyzes the localization of NGF in the brain of the teleost fish Nothobranchius furzeri, an emerging model for aging research due to its short lifespan. Immunochemical and immunohistochemical experiments were performed by employing an antibody mapping at the N-terminus of the mature chain human origin NGF. Western blot analysis revealed an intense and well defined band of 20 kDa, which corresponds to proNGF of N. furzeri. Immunohistochemistry revealed NGF immunoreactivity (IR) diffused throughout all regions of telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhomboencephalon. It was detected in neurons and in glial cells, the latter mostly lining the mesencephalic and rhomboencephalic ventricles. Particularly in neurons, NGF IR was localized in perikarya and, to a less extent, in fibers. The widespread distribution of proNGF suggests that it might modulate numerous physiological functions in the adult brain of N. furzeri. The present survey constitutes a baseline study to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the role of NGF during aging processes.

Orexin and orexin receptor like peptides in the gastroenteric tract of Gallus domesticus: An immunohistochemical survey on presence and distribution.

This study reports the immunohistochemical localization and distribution of orexin A and B-like and their receptors-like peptides in the gastroenteric tract of chicken. The immunoreactivity is distributed in endocrine cells, nerve fibers and neurons, both in the stomach and intestine, and shows a discrete conformity with the data till now reported for Mammals. Our study suggests a possible participation of orexin-like peptides in the modulation of chicken gastroenteric activities and the preservation of their main distribution compared to Mammals. Western blot analysis has confirmed the presence of prepro-orexin and both receptors in the examined tissues. This survey represents the first evidence of the presence of orexin-like peptides in the gastroenteric tract of non mammalian species, and the results could help to better understand the alimentary control and body weight in domestic birds, which are of relevance to determine the productive factors in breeding animals. This study might also serve as a baseline for future experimental studies on the regulation of the gastroenteric functions in non mammalian Vertebrates.

Accuracy of caring personnel in estimating water intake based on missing liquid in drinking vessels.

In this contribution a measurement regarding estimations of filling levels in drinking vessels is presented. Ensuring a sufficient hydration is an important task in nursing homes. Monitoring of fluid intake is normally achieved by visual examination of drinking vessels conducted by staff members. This contribution describes a measurement targeted at evaluating this method in order to analyze the requirements of technical aids. Data gained by conducting this measurement in a cooperating elderly people home is presented and analyzed. Key results are that residents drink on average 5 to 10 percent less than it is recorded and that estimations of especially partly filled vessels vary strongly. Both, the type of drinking vessel and the current filling level influence the accuracy and precision of the difference between estimation and actual missing liquid.

A portable system for quantitative assessment of parkinsonian rigidity.

Rigidity is one of the primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Passive flexion and extension of the elbow is used to assess rigidity in this study. An examiner flexes and extends the subject's elbow joint through a rigidity assessment cuff attached around the wrist. Each assessment lasts for 10 seconds. Two force sensor boxes and an inertial measurement unit are used to measure the applied force and the state of the elbow movement. Elastic and viscous values will be obtained through a least squares estimation with all the data. 9 healthy subjects were tested with this system in two experimental conditions: 1) normal state (relaxed); 2) imitated rigidity state. Also the subjects were performed the assessment task with different frequencies and elbow movement ranges. The imitated rigidity action increases viscosity and elasticity. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) of the viscosity and elasticity between normal state and imitated state are 1.61 and 1.36 respectively, which means the difference is significant. Thus, this system can detect the on-off fluctuations of parkinsonian rigidity. Both wrist movement angle and frequency have small effect on the viscosity, but have elevated effect on the elasticity.

Van-Gogh-like 2 antagonises the canonical WNT pathway and is methylated in colorectal cancers.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant activation of the canonical WNT signaling is a feature of colorectal cancer (CRC). Van-Gogh-like 2 (VANGL2) belongs to the non-canonical WNT pathway whose activation inhibits canonical WNT signaling. In this study, we investigated the role of VANGL2 and its epigenetic regulation in CRC. METHODS: Van-Gogh-like 2 expression and promoter methylation after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza) treatment were evaluated in CRC cells. DNA samples from 418 sporadic CRCs were tested for VANGL2 promoter methylation and microsatellite instability (MSI). Proliferation, colony formation and activation of the WNT pathway were tested in cells after VANGL2 overexpression. RESULTS: Van-Gogh-like 2 mRNA was significantly higher in 5-aza-treated RKO, LOVO and SW48, whereas no differences were found in SW480. Van-Gogh-like 2 was fully methylated in RKO, SW48, HCT116, DLD1 and Caco2; partially methylated in LOVO, LS174T and SW837; and unmethylated in SW480, SW620 and HT29. Higher expression of VANGL2 mRNA was found in the unmethylated cell lines. In CRC specimens (8.93% MSI), methylated VANGL2 was associated with MSI, higher grade, proximal colon location and BRAF mutation. Van-Gogh-like 2 overexpression in SW480 significantly decreased proliferation, colony formation and ß-catenin levels. CONCLUSION: Van-Gogh-like 2 is frequently methylated in MSI-CRCs with BRAF mutation and may act as a tumour suppressor gene, counteracting WNT/ß-catenin signaling.

RET receptor in the gut of developing cat.

RET receptor is a transmembrane protein which, together with the glial-cell-line derived neurotrophic factor family receptors alpha, forms a receptor complex upon activation by the glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic ligands (GFLs). RET signaling is crucial for: (a) development of the enteric nervous system and kidney; (b) development of sympathetic, parasympathetic, motor, and sensory neurons; (c) postnatal maintenance of dopaminergic neurons; (d) spermatogenesis. In humans, RET mutations cause the Hirschsprung's disease, characterized by megacolon aganglionosis, and different types of cancer, the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and type 2B and familial medullary thyroid. In the earliest aged cat embryos studied (stage 9 according to Knopse), RET immunoreactivity (IR) was observed in few cells detected in bilateral rows extending latero-ventrally to the neural tube and dorso-laterally to the foregut. In the successive aged group (stage 11), RET IR was observed in few single or grouped epithelial cells of the anterior gut and in small clustered cells scattered in the mesenchyme around the anterior gut. From stage 14-22 (the last stage 22 includes foetuses around the birth), RET IR was seen in neurons and fibers of the enteric nervous system. The appearance and intensification of RET-IR in the gut occurred with cranio/caudal and external/internal directions during the development. These results, thus, suggest the involvement of GFLs in the neuroblast migration, proliferation and differentiation. For a short period of development, these molecules might also act on some cells of the epithelium.

First application of behavoir recognition through the recording of ADL by radio modules in a home.

In this contribution the behavior of an elderly couple, recorded by a radio module system in their own home is analyzed. There is an increasing interest in giving elderly people the possibility to live at their own homes as long as possible. Since diseases like dementia are diagnosed through the change of behavior, especially the activities of daily living (ADL), there is a growing need of an objective instrument for measuring behavioral changes. Therefore the Eventlogger was developed and installed for 32 days in a home of an elderly couple. Throughout this paper the outcome of the data collection as well as first steps for analyzing it will be discussed. Furthermore we were able to observe different routines of the diseased and the healthy person. The diseased proband follows a very strict routine whereas the healthy proband routines are dependent on different factors.

Prognostic significance of N-Cadherin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: N-Cadherin (CDH2) is a calcium-dependent adhesion protein, whose de novo expression, re-expression, up-regulation and down-regulation in human tumors has been demonstrated. The aim of the present work was to define the prognostic role of N-Cadherin in a large series of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 94 selected OSCCs were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by immunohistochemistry for N-Cadherin. The association between protein expression and clinico-pathological parameters was assessed by statistical analysis. RESULTS: In neoplastic tissue, N-Cadherin levels were more evident than in normal peritumoral epithelium (p<0.05). Protein staining was mainly detected in the neoplastic cells, and only focal nuclear positivity was observed. Expression of cytoplasmic N-Cadherin correlated significantly with poor histological differentiation (p<0.05). Furthermore, we have observed significant a statistical trend for stage and a correlation with worst patient outcome, also confirmed by Kaplan-Meier estimates. CONCLUSION: Our work has underlined the key-role of N-Cadherin in oral carcinogenesis and in the prognostic stratification of patients.