The role of emotional cues in event-based prospective memory.

OBJECTIVE: Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to perform expected actions in the future. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of stimuli with emotional content on the prospective memory, with particular attention to different age groups. METHODS: Starting from an experimental paradigm used in a previous study (by Cona et al., 2015), we evaluated whether emotional cues (positive, negative, or neutral images) did influence a prospective memory task based on the event during the performance of an ongoing n-back task in three different age groups. RESULTS: A difference emerged between the three investigated groups indicating that positive emotional cues were remembered better than negative and neutral ones. In addition, older subjects resulted slower than others in responding to stimuli and showed the tendency to make more errors in the prospective memory task. CONCLUSIONS: As hypothesized, a difference in the performance of the task appears as due to age. In general, the younger participants take the test more accurately (i.e., with fewer errors). This could be explained because the prospective memory deteriorates with increasing age. Behavioral results do not yet allow us to answer the research question on the role of emotional material in prospective memory; more research is needed to clarify these issues.

Visuospatial working memory abilities in children analyzed by the bricks game task (BGT).

The study of the development of visuospatial memory processes is useful for devising personalized educational interventions as well as for understanding the changes in cognitive functioning in an era characterized by technological progress. The present research is aimed at investigating spatial working memory ability in children that attended the first three years of primary school by means of the Brick Game Task (BGT), a novel visuospatial working memory test. BGT is a small-scale ecological test inspired by behavioral walking tasks with nine white bricks in different spatial configurations as well as to Corsi Block-Tapping test.228 Italian children (121 F; mean age: 7.22 ± 1.18) were assigned to three groups based on the primary school class attended: Group 1 (N = 85; 40 F; mean age 6.18 ± .5), Group 2 (N = 61; 36 F; mean age 7.2 ± .83), and Group 3 (N = 82; 44 F; mean age 8.32 ± .94). All participants were asked to complete the Digit Span test, the Corsi Block-Tapping test, and to explore the three spatial configurations of the BGT with the form of Matrix, M-BGT, Cluster, CL-BGT, Cross, CR-BGT.MANOVA revealed a main significant effect for Group (F12,434 = 15.06; p < .0001) indicating that the group of older obtained a better global executive performance than 1 and 2 groups. Multiple linear regression indicated that Corsi Block-Tapping test performance and Age significantly predicted the M-BGT score. Moreover, Corsi Block-Tapping test and Digit Span significantly predicted the CL-BGT performance, showing how a higher score results in a better CL- BGT performance. Finally, Corsi Block-Tapping test, Digit Span, and Age were positively associated with the CR- BGT performance. The present findings evidenced that novel BGT is a sensible visuospatial working memory task suggesting thus its use to assess the children's executive performance in ecological way. These results open to the development of personalized educational interventions.

Retraction Note: Insomnia, sleepiness, anxiety and depression among different types of gamers in African countries.

This Article has been retracted.

Insomnia, sleepiness, anxiety and depression among different types of gamers in African countries.

Gaming has increasingly become a part of life in Africa. Currently, no data on gaming disorders or their association with mental disorders exist for African countries. This study for the first time investigated (1) the prevalence of insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, anxiety and depression among African gamers, (2) the association between these conditions and gamer types (i.e., non-problematic, engaged, problematic and addicted) and (3) the predictive power of socioeconomic markers (education, age, income, marital status, employment status) on these conditions. 10,566 people from 2 low- (Rwanda, Gabon), 6 lower-middle (Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal, Ivory Coast) and 1 upper-middle income countries (South Africa) completed online questionnaires containing validated measures on insomnia, sleepiness, anxiety, depression and gaming addiction. Results showed our sample of gamers (24 ± 2.8 yrs; 88.64% Male), 30% were addicted, 30% were problematic, 8% were engaged and 32% were non-problematic. Gaming significantly contributed to 86.9% of the variance in insomnia, 82.7% of the variance in daytime sleepiness and 82.3% of the variance in anxiety [p < 0.001]. This study establishes the prevalence of gaming, mood and sleep disorders, in a large African sample. Our results corroborate previous studies, reporting problematic and addicted gamers show poorer health outcomes compared with non-problematic gamers.

Emotional processing in RRMS patients: Dissociation between behavioural and neurophysiological response.

BACKGROUNG: Multiple sclerosis (MS) results in a broad range of symptoms, including motor, visual, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric deficits. Some studies, considering affective facial expressions to study emotion processing, demonstrated emotion recognition difficulties in MS patients. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the impact of MS on the emotional-behaviour rating and neurophysiological response (Event Related Potentials-ERP) through a battery of affective visual stimuli selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). METHODS: Twenty patients with diagnosis of Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS) and 20 Healthy Controls (HC) matched by age, gender and education were enrolled. Each of them, after a neuropsychological assessment, were asked to evaluate arousal and valence of affective visual stimuli. RESULTS: Our results showed higher P300 amplitudes in RRMS patients than HC group for pleasant and unpleasant images. Moreover, RRMS patients showed lower Reaction Time (RT) respect HC in valence rating. No other effect did emerge between groups. CONCLUSION: Our study shows early compensatory cerebral mechanisms in RRMS patients throughout emotional information processing, particularly for unpleasant and pleasant stimuli. We hypothesize that this compensatory cerebral mechanism reduces the behavioural dissimilarity between patients and HC.

Paracetamol-codeine compared to ketorolac for pain control in the Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE: Paracetamol /codeine has shown a strong analgesic activity in several studies conducted among different kind of subjects, including those with trauma. Nevertheless, its efficacy in patients accessing the Emergency Department (ED) for different kind of pain has never been tested. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, observational, prospective, cohort study. Inclusion criteria were patients > 18 year old presenting to the ED for localized traumatic or inflammatory pain involving only extremities. Numeric scale (NRS) was recorded thirty minutes and two hours after the administration of the analgesic therapy, consisting of 15 mg of ketorolac or 1000 mg/60 mg of paracetamol/ codeine, both orally. RESULTS: Two-hundred patients were consecutively enrolled; 87 were treated with paracetamol/codeine and 113 with ketorolac. The combination paracetamol/codeine resulted to be not inferior to ketorolac in non-traumatic pain group and trauma group (p = 0.635 and p = 0.482, respectively). Compared to ketorolac, the combination paracetamol/codeine exerted a significantly higher analgesic activity in patients with fractures and muscular pain (p = 0.044) and was more effective in acute pain (p = 0.002), with a significant effect two hours after the administration (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Paracetamol/codeine is equivalent to ketorolac in non-traumatic pain and post-traumatic pain, but is superior in acute pain and in patients with fractures and muscular pain. Those results play in favor of the use of the combination paracetamol/codeine in patients accessing the ED for non-traumatic or traumatic pain of the extremities.

Posterior percutaneous reduction and fixation of thoraco-lumbar burst fractures.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of A3 thoraco-lumbar and lumbar spinal fractures nowadays remains a controversial issue. Percutaneous techniques are becoming very popular in the last few years to reduce the approach-related morbidity associated with conventional techniques. HYPOTHESIS: Purpose of the study was to analyze the clinical and radiological outcome of patients who underwent percutaneous posterior fixation without fusion for the treatment of thoraco-lumbar and lumbar A3 fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-three patients, having sustained a single-level thoraco-lumbar fracture, underwent short segment percutaneous instrumentation and were retrospectively analyzed. sagittal index (SI) was calculated in all patients. Clinical and functional outcome were evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Short Form General Health Status (SF-36). RESULTS: Average operative blood loss was 82 mL (50-320). Mean pre-operative SI in the thoraco-lumbar segment was 13.3° decreased to 5.8° in the immediate postoperative with a mean deformity correction of 7.5. Mean pre-operative SI in the lumbar segment was 16.5° decreased to 11.3° in the immediate postoperative with a mean deformity correction of 5.2. Not statistically significant correction loss was registered at 1-year minimum follow-up. Constant clinical conditions improvement in the examined patients was observed. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for A3 thoraco-lumbar and lumbar spinal fractures is a reliable and safe procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV. Retrospective study.

Androgen binding in human fetal amnion.

Human fetal amnion cytosol obtained at term is able to bind specifically [3H]testosterone. The cytosol (105,000 g supernatant) from human amnion was used after a 30 min treatment with dextran-coated charcoal and incubated with increasing concentrations of [3H]testosterone, [3H]dihydrotestosterone, [3H]methyltrienolone for 2 h at 4 degrees C and for 16 h at 15 degrees C. To avoid any possible contamination of sex hormone binding globulin we used a Sepharose 4B column. Scatchard plot analysis of the data after incubation at 4 degrees C for 2 h showed that the amnion possesses high affinity (Kd = 0.62 +/- 0.20 nM) and low capacity (95.0 +/- 21.1 fmol/mg protein) binding sites for [3H]testosterone. After incubation at 15 degrees C for 16 h, we obtained a high affinity (Kd = 0.29 +/- 0.14 nM), low capacity (49.5 +/- 12.8 fmol/mg protein) and a low affinity (Kd = 5.55 +/- 2.55 nM), high capacity (181.7 +/- 20.8 fmol/mg protein) binding sites for [3H]testosterone. The values of Kd, calculated from Scatchard plot analysis were 1.03 +/- 0.7 nM with 20.2 +/- 10.4 fmol/mg protein and 1.97 +/- 1.06 nM with 55.6 +/- 15.9 fmol/mg protein for [3H]methyltrienolone and [3H]dihydrotestosterone respectively. These findings suggest that human fetal amnion cytosol at term contains a specific binding protein for androgens.