Characterization of Emerging Xanthomonas campestris Isolates on the Nonnative Weed Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata).

Nonnative plant infestations provide unique opportunities to investigate pathogen emergence with evolutionarily recent plant introduction events. The widespread distribution of invasive plants and their proximity to genetically related crops highlights the risks of nonnative plants acting as ancillary hosts and fostering microbial recombination and pathogen selection. Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a widespread, nonnative cruciferous weed that grows throughout North America and along the forested edges of diverse agricultural fields. The recent identification of a novel Xanthomonas campestris pv. incanae strain isolated from a diseased A. petiolata population led to the current investigation of the distribution and diversity of X. campestris isolates from naturally infected A. petiolata. A total of 14 diseased A. petiolata sites were sampled across three states, leading to the identification of diverse X. campestris pathotypes and genotypes. Pathogenicity assays and multilocus sequence analyses identified pathogenic X. c. pv. incanae and X. c. pv. barbareae strains collected from disparate A. petiolata populations. Moreover, independently collected X. c. pv. incanae strains demonstrated a broad cruciferous host range by infecting cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), garden stock (Matthiola incana), and the cover crop yellow mustard (Guillenia flavescens). This study highlights the genetic variability and host potential of natural X. campestris populations and the potential risks to Brassica crops via widespread, dense garlic mustard reservoirs.

The Pharmaceutical Market for Biological Products in Latin America: A Comprehensive Analysis of Regional Sales Data.

The global market for biologics and biosimilar pharmaceutical products is experiencing rapid expansion, primarily driven by the continuous discovery of new molecules. However, information regarding Latin America's biological market remains limited.

Association between Plasmatic Ceramides Profile and AST/ALT Ratio: C14:0 Ceramide as Predictor of Hepatic Steatosis in Adolescents Independently of Obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between plasma ceramides and hepatic steatosis (HS) in adolescents, independently of obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-four adolescents from two previous studies conducted and published by our crew were included. Study subjects were stratified in three groups: normal weight (n = 18), obesity (n = 34), and obesity + HS (n = 42). The presence of HS was defined when ALT/AST ratio was <1. Ceramides subspecies (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C24:0, and C24:1) were determined by LC/MS. RESULTS: All ceramides correlated directly with ALT levels and inversely with ALT/AST ratio; the strongest correlation was observed among C14:0 ceramide (r = 0.41 and r = -0.54, resp.; P < 0.001). Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between cholesterol and all ceramides except for C24:1 ceramide. Interestingly ceramides C14:0, C18:0, and C24:1 correlated directly with both fasting insulin and HOMA-IR index. For assessing HS, a cut-off point of 10.3 nmol/L for C14:0 ceramide reported a sensitivity of 92.7% and a specificity of 73.5% when normal weight and obesity groups (n = 52) were compared against obesity + HS group (n = 42). Positive and negative predictive values were 77.5% and 90.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma ceramides are closely associated with hepatic steatosis in adolescents. C14:0 ceramide could be a novel biomarker of HS independently of obesity.

A 21-week open-label clinical trial of pregabalin as adjunctive therapy in partial seizures at multiple centers in Mexico (PREPS Mexico).

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of refractory partial seizures. METHODS: This was a 21-week, open-label study of pregabalin (150-600 mg/day) as an adjunctive therapy in adults with refractory partial seizures. The study included an 8-week baseline period, a 9-week dose-optimization period, and a 12-week treatment-observation period. The primary assessment was mean percentage change in 28-day seizure rate between baseline and the last 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: In total, 136 Mexican patients were included in this study (55.9% women; mean age/epilepsy duration, 35.2/22.9 years). The median and mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) 28-day baseline seizure rates were 3.9 and 7.8 (5.4-10.2), respectively. The mean (95% CI) reduction in seizure frequency was 51.2% (43.0-59.3) over the last 12 weeks of treatment, while the median reduction was 57.9%. The percentage of patients with a ≥ 5 0% or ≥ 75% reduction in seizure frequency was 63.6% and 48.8%, respectively. The percentage of patients who were seizure-free during the last 4 and 12 weeks of treatment was 40.5% and 20.7%, respectively. The most common adverse events were somnolence (39.7%), dizziness (16.2%), and weight gain (14.0%). CONCLUSION: Pregabalin was well tolerated and associated with significant reductions in seizure frequency.

Complicaciones en gran quemados en niños menores de 10 años de edad del INSN en el periodo 2005-2009 / Complications largely burned in children under 10 years of age in 2005-2009 INSN

Introducción: Las quemaduras mayores usualmente se acompañan de complicaciones que pueden afectar cualquier órgano de la economía. El trastorno circulatorio en fase de reanimación y en fase de sepsis es una catástrofe mayúscula que influencia toda la fisiología del paciente. De alguna forma y con variaciones en su presentación, se ven envueltos en las complicaciones los sistemas neuroendocrinos, metabólicos, inmunológico s y de coagulación. Responsables de estas complicaciones entre otros, son aquellos mediadores farmacológicos de respuesta inflamatoria liberados a la circulación. Algunos de estos son útiles para la homeostasis circulatoria, defensas del huésped y cicatrización de la herida, sin embargo, en algún punto de la evolución de la quemadura pueden contribuir al desarrollo de fallo multiorgánico (FMO). El desarrollo y gravedad de las complicaciones, está n en proporción directa a la magnitud de la quemadura. Existe riesgo de complicaciones hasta tanto no está definitivamente cerrada la herida. Las iatrogenias son causas importantes de complicaciones, estas pueden presentarse por reacciones adversas de medicamentos o tratamientos; las complicaciones, cuando se presentan, aumentan el estrés del paciente. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio Descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se incluyó toda la población desde 0 a 10 años edad, en ambos sexos que concurrieron al Servicio de Quemados del Instituto Nacional del Salud del Niño, con diagnostico de gran quemado entre los años 2005- 2009...

Introduction: The major burns usually are accompanied by complications that can affect any organ of the economy. Circulatory disorder and resuscitation phase of sepsis stage capital is a catastrophe that influences the whole physiology of the patient. In some ways and with variations in their presentation, are involved in neuroendocrine systems complications, metabolíc, immunological and coagulation. Responsible for these complications and others, are those inflammatory response pharmacological mediators released into the circulation. Some of these are useful for circulatory homeostasis, host defense and wound healing, however, at some point in the evolution of the burn can contribute the development of multiple organ failure (MOF). The development and severity of complications, are in direct proportion to the magnitude of the burn. Risk of complications until it is definitively closed the wound. The iatrogenic complications are major causes of these adverse reactions may occur by medications or treatments, the complications, when present, increase patient stress. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive study. It included all the people from 0-10 years of age in both sexes who attended the Burn Service of the National Institute of Child Health, diagnosed with severe burn between 2005 - 2009. A survey was previously developed by the research tea m, (the survey was asked for their development experts in the subject) to the medical records of patients who get Central Archive of the National Institute of Child Health and prior to the protocol authorization. Descriptive analysis was performed. Will be represented in frequency, percentages, averages, standard deviation. Pie charts will be constructed. It will be used for processing and analysis of data...