ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Latinos are at an elevated risk for HIV infection. Continued HIV/AIDS stigma presents barriers to HIV testing and affects the quality of life of HIV-positive individuals, yet few interventions addressing HIV/AIDS stigma have been developed for Latinos. METHODS: An intervention led by community health workers (promotores de salud, or promotores) targeting underserved Latinos in three southwestern U.S. communities was developed to decrease HIV/AIDS stigma and increase HIV knowledge and perception of risk. The intervention was led by HIV-positive and HIV-affected (i.e., those who have, or have had, a close family member or friend with HIV/AIDS) promotores, who delivered interactive group-based educational sessions to groups of Latinos in Spanish and English. To decrease stigma and motivate behavioral and attitudinal change, the educational sessions emphasized positive Latino cultural values and community assets. The participant pool comprised 579 Latino adults recruited in El Paso, Texas (n=204); San Ysidro, California (n=175); and Los Angeles, California (n=200). RESULTS: From pretest to posttest, HIV/AIDS stigma scores decreased significantly (p<0.001). Significant increases were observed in HIV/AIDS knowledge (p<0.001), willingness to discuss HIV/AIDS with one's sexual partner (p<0.001), and HIV risk perception (p=0.006). Willingness to test for HIV in the three months following the intervention did not increase. Women demonstrated a greater reduction in HIV/AIDS stigma scores when compared with their male counterparts, which may have been related to a greater increase in HIV/AIDS knowledge scores (p=0.016 and p=0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION: Promotores interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma and increase HIV-related knowledge, perception of risk, and willingness to discuss sexual risk with partners show promise in reaching underserved Latino communities.
Subject(s)
Community Health Workers , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Health Education/methods , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice/ethnology , Hispanic or Latino/psychology , Social Stigma , AIDS Serodiagnosis/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , California/epidemiology , Community-Institutional Relations , Female , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/psychology , Humans , Los Angeles/epidemiology , Male , Mass Screening/psychology , Mass Screening/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/ethnology , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Program Evaluation , Sex Distribution , Sexual Behavior/ethnology , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Sexual Partners , Texas/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introducción. La enterocolitis necrosante es una catástrofe multifactorial de los recién nacidos,generada por vasoconstricción visceral. Se discute el papel que juega el momento, tipo y velocidad delos incrementos de la vía oral en la patogenia de la entidad. Objetivo. Comparar la incidencia de enterocolitis necrosante y la mortalidad entre prematuros en quienes se inició alimentación entérica a las 48 horas de vida extrauterina, frente a otros en quienesse empezó al quinto día de vida. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico controlado de 239 neonatos de 750 a 1.500 gramos de peso y de 27 a 32 semanas de edad de gestación, asignados al azar, 135 a alimentación temprana y 104 a alimentación tardía con leche materna o fórmula láctea para prematuros. Se inició con un mililitro cada seis horas, para progresar en intervalos de tres horas y un incremento diario de hasta 20 ml/kg hasta llegar a 150 ml/kg al día, siempre y cuando no se observaran signos o síntomas de intolerancia a la vía oral. Resultados. Se presentaron 14 casos de enterocolitis necrosante en el grupo de alimentación temprana (10,4 %) y nueve (8,7 %) en el de alimentación tardía (RR=1,22; IC95 % 0,49-3,20; p=0,652). Cinco (3,7 %) niños fallecieron en el grupo de alimentación temprana (IC95 % 1,4-8,9) y ocho (7,7 %), en el de alimentación tardía (IC95 % 3,6-15,0), sin que estas diferencias fueran significativas (RR=0,46;IC95 % 0,12-1,60; p=0,182). Conclusión. El iniciar en forma temprana la alimentación entérica en neonatos prematuros no aumenta el riesgo de enterocolitis necrosante ni el de mortalidad y sí representa grandes ventajas para estos pacientes.
Introduction. The development of necrotizing enterocolitis is a common and serious risk to newborns. It is caused by splanchnic bed vasoconstriction that can produce intestinal necrosis. The role of onset time, type and, speed enhancements of The factors of enteral feeding related with necrotizing enterocolitis genesis such as feeding onset, type and frequency are not well understood. Objective. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality among infants will be compared in infants whose enteral feeding was initiated 48 hours after birth to those whose feeding began on day5 postpartum. Materials and methods. A controlled clinical trial was conducted among 239 newborns weighing between 750-1,500 g and a gestation age of 27-32 weeks of gestational age. The infants were randomly assigned to two groups--135 to an early feeding regime and 104 to delayed feeding. Breast milk orformula milk was used. Feeding was begun with one ml every six hours, progressing to three hourintervals and 20 ml/kg daily. This was increased to 150 ml/kg-d if the infant condition remained stableand it manifested no oral intolerance. Results. In the early feeding group, 14 (10;4 %) necrotizing enterocolitis cases occurred, and in the late feeding group, 9 (8.7 %) occurred (RR= 1.22, 95 % CI 0.49-3.20, p= 0.65). Five children died in early feeding group (3.7 %, 95% CI 1.4-8.9) and eight in late feeding group (7.7 %, 95 % CI 3.6-15.0, RR=0.46, 95 % CI 0.12-1,60, p= 0.18). Conclusion. Early enteral feeding in preterm newborns does not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or mortality among them; however it represents nutritional advantages for these infants.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Breast Feeding , Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/epidemiology , Infant Formula , Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology , Age Factors , Incidence , Infant, PrematureABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The development of necrotizing enterocolitis is a common and serious risk to newborns. It is caused by splanchnic bed vasoconstriction that can produce intestinal necrosis. The role of onset time, type and, speed enhancements of The factors of enteral feeding related with necrotizing enterocolitis genesis such as feeding onset, type and frequency are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality among infants will be compared in infants whose enteral feeding was initiated 48 hours after birth to those whose feeding began on day 5 postpartum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A controlled clinical trial was conducted among 239 newborns weighing between 750-1,500 g and a gestation age of 27-32 weeks of gestational age. The infants were randomly assigned to two groups--135 to an early feeding regime and 104 to delayed feeding. Breast milk or formula milk was used. Feeding was begun with one ml every six hours, progressing to three hour intervals and 20 ml/kg daily. This was increased to 150 ml/kg-d if the infant condition remained stable and it manifested no oral intolerance. RESULTS: In the early feeding group, 14 (10;4 %) necrotizing enterocolitis cases occurred, and in the late feeding group, 9 (8.7 %) occurred (RR= 1.22, 95 % CI 0.49-3.20, p= 0.65). Five children died in early feeding group (3.7 %, 95% CI 1.4-8.9) and eight in late feeding group (7.7 %, 95 % CI 3.6-15.0, RR=0.46, 95 % CI 0.12-1,60, p= 0.18). CONCLUSION: Early enteral feeding in preterm newborns does not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or mortality among them; however it represents nutritional advantages for these infants.
