Synchronous Group-Based Online Exercise Programs for Older Adults Living in the Community: A Scoping Review.

Older adults are the least physically active group with specific barriers to regular exercise, and online exercise programs could overcome some of those barriers. This scoping review aimed to describe the characteristics of supervised group-based synchronous online exercise programs for older adults living in the community, their feasibility, acceptability, and potential benefits. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, SPORTDiscus, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched until November 2022. The included studies met the following criteria: participants aged 50 years and above, a minimum of a 6-week group-based supervised and synchronous intervention, and original articles available in English. Eighteen articles were included, with 1,178 participants (67% female, average age of 71 [57-93] years), most (83%) published in the past 3 years. From the limited reported studies, delivering supervised, synchronous online exercise programs (one to three times/week, between 8 and 32 weeks) for older adults living in the community seems feasible, accepted, and can improve physical function.

Dental Loss in the Lower Socioeconomic Stratum of a Sample of the Chilean Population Born in the 19TH and 20TH Centuries

SUMMARY: Partial or total dental loss (edentulism) is associated with decreased quality of life. Chile has large socioeconomic gaps, which are also recognized in oral health, but it is not known how Edentulism has evolved throughout the country. The aim of this study was to determine the edentulism in people born during the 19th and 20th centuries in Chile, who died in the 20th century, and to compare it with current data from the Chilean Ministry of Health (MINSAL) to observe its evolution in the country. For this purpose, 60 3D models of skulls from the Subactual Osteological Collection of Santiago were analyzed (30 individuals per sex), in which the presence and absence of teeth in antemortem in the maxilla were analyzed. A high percentage of tooth loss was observed, with 65 % partial edentulism, a 30 % total edentulism, and only 5 % had complete dentition in this osteological collection. In addition, a significant decrease over time was found; in 2017, the percentage of complete dentition at the national level was 32.8 %. A higher frequency of edentulism was also found in females from the osteological collection, with a significant probability of twice as much edentulism as in males. However, this sex difference was smaller than those found in the current study. Our study is the first to compare edentulism in Chile in two different time periods, since, in addition to studying it in the 19th and 20th century, it is carried out with data from the present day and in line with previous research, reveals the importance of socioeconomic and sex variables for dental loss.

La pérdida parcial o total de dientes (edentulismo) se asocia a una disminución de la calidad de vida. Chile tiene grandes brechas socioeconómicas, que también se reconocen en la salud oral, pero se desconoce cómo ha evolucionado el edentulismo en el país. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el edentulismo en personas nacidas durante los siglos XIX y XX en Chile y fallecidas en el siglo XX, y compararlo con datos actuales del Ministerio de Salud de Chile (MINSAL) para observar su evolución en el país. Para ello, se analizaron 60 modelos 3D de cráneos de la Colección Osteológica Subactual de Santiago (30 individuos por sexo), en los que se analizó la presencia y ausencia de dientes en dentición antemortem en el maxilar. Se observó un alto porcentaje de pérdida dentaria, con un 65 % de edentulismo parcial y un 30 % de edentulismo total, y sólo un 5 % presentaba dentición completa en esta colección osteológica. Además, se encontró una disminución significativa a lo largo del tiempo; en 2017, la dentición completa a nivel país fue del 32,8 %. También se encontró una mayor frecuencia de edentulismo en las mujeres de la colección osteológica, con una probabilidad significativa del doble de edentulismo que en los hombres. Sin embargo, esta diferencia de sexo fue menor que la hallada en datos actuales. Este estudio es el primero que compara el edentulismo en Chile en dos épocas diferentes, ya que además de estudiarlo en los siglos XIX y XX, se realizó con datos de la actualidad y, en línea con investigaciones previas, revela la importancia de las variables socioeconómicas y de sexo en la pérdida dental.

Latin American Forensic Odontology: A Scoping Review of its Current Research and the Objective/Subjective Nature of its Studies

SUMMARY: The new paradigm in Forensic Sciences initiated by the entry of genetics (the current standard of legal evidence) and accentuated by recognized wrongful convictions derived from experts today in the eye of criticism, has highlighted the potential for bias and error in forensic disciplines when they depend on human interpretation and subjectivity, which has not been avoided by Forensic Odontology (FO). However, a subjective judgment is not necessarily wrong, so the refinement of processes, the development of standards, and robust research can contribute to the validity of interpretation to increase objectivity. Latin America (LATAM) has its own realities and needs, which have conditioned the priorities and objectives of FO research. A scoping review is presented to systematically map the investigation of LATAM researchers and identify the objective or subjective nature of their assessments. LATAM shows interesting productivity and intentions to adhere to international standards, with Brazil leading this research significantly, followed by Chile and Colombia, among others. However, there is a disproportionate approach in certain lines of research (dental age estimation), and needs to address other quantitative studies, and to improve the visibility of the LATAM FO research.

El nuevo paradigma en ciencias forenses iniciado por la entrada de la genética (el actual estándar de la evidencia jurídica), y acentuado por reconocidas condenas injustas derivadas de pericias hoy en el ojo de la crítica, ha destacado el potencial de sesgo y error que poseen algunas disciplinas forenses cuando dependen de la interpretación humana y la subjetividad, lo cual no ha sido ajeno a la odontología forense (OF). Sin embargo, un juicio subjetivo no necesariamente es erróneo, con lo que el refinamiento de procesos, el desarrollo de estándares y la investigación robusta pueden contribuir a validar esa interpretación para aumentar su objetividad. Latinoamérica (LATAM) posee realidades y necesidades propias que han condicionado las prioridades y objetivos de la investigación en OF. Se presenta una revisión con búsqueda sistemática para mapear sistemáticamente la investigación en OF realizada por investigadores latinoamericanos, así como identificar la naturaleza objetiva o subjetiva de sus evaluaciones. LATAM demuestra una productividad interesante e intenciones de adherirse a estándares internacionales, con Brasil liderando significativamente esta investigación, seguido por Chile y Colombia entre otros. Sin embargo, se observa un enfoque desproporcionado en ciertas líneas de investigación (estimación de edad dental particularmente), y necesidad tanto de abordar otros estudios cuantitativos como de mejorar la visibilidad de la investigación latinoamericana en OF.

Association between knowledge and attitudes towards pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and dental specialty.

OBJECTIVE: To associate the knowledge and attitudes about Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (POSA) with the specialty of dentists in Metropolitan Lima, Peru. METHODS: A cross-sectional, analytical observational study was carried out during 2021-2022. Two hundred and ten orthodontists and pediatric dentists were surveyed using the adapted and validated Spanish translation of the OSAKA-KIDS questionnaire and additional sociodemographic questions. RESULTS: The data indicated an association between dental specialty and the professional's knowledge about POSA. Orthodontists were 59% less likely to have acceptable knowledge, compared to pediatric dentists (p = .013, IC 95% 0.21-0.83). The study revealed an association between the professional's attitudes and three intervening variables: age (p = .025), clinical experience (p = .049) and sector of practice (p = .020). CONCLUSION: Knowledge was associated with the dental specialty of professionals in the sample included, whilst attitudes were not.

Recomendaciones en el abordaje del hematoma intracerebral espontáneo durante la internación / Recommendations for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization

Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neuro- lógico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualiza- das del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.

Abstract Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracere- bral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.

[Recommendations For The Management Of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage During Hospitalization]. / Recomendaciones en el Abordaje del Hematoma Intracerebral Espontáneo Durante la Internación.

Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.

El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neurológico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualizadas del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.

Design and implementation of the Comprehensive model for the humanization of health care of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia / Diseño e implementation del Modelo de humanización integral en salud de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Abstract The aim of this article is to describe the bases and general aspects of the design and implementation process of the Comprehensive model for the humanization of health care of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, which began to be developed in 2016 and is also being implemented at the Hospital Universitario Nacional (HUN). Through this model, the Humanizing Health Care Research Group of the Faculty of Medicine seeks to produce a cultural change, from a biopsychosocial approach, in the perception of the humanization of health care in the country, the training of health care professionals, the provision of health care, and the working conditions of health care personnel. The model is based on three axes: humanization of health care, focused on the patient, their family and caregivers; humanization of health sciences education processes, with an emphasis on students; and humanization of the quality of life and working conditions of health professionals. Likewise, the model considers humanistic education, music and sports as means to achieve such cultural change in the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo fue describir las bases y generalidades del proceso de diseño e implemen-tación del Modelo de humanización integral en salud de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, el cual empezó a desarrollarse en 2016 y en la actualidad también se ha implementado en el Hospital Universitario Nacional (HUN). Con este modelo, el Grupo de Investigación en Humanización en Salud de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia busca generar un cambio cultural en la percepción de la humanización de la salud en el país, de la formación de los profesionales de la salud, de la prestación de atención en salud y de las condiciones laborales del personal de salud, a partir de una aproximación biopsicosocial. El modelo se fundamenta en tres ejes: la humanización en la atención en salud, enfocada en el paciente, la familia y los cuidadores; la humanización en los procesos de educación en ciencias de la salud, con énfasis en los estudiantes, y la humanización en la calidad de vida y las condiciones laborales de los profesionales de la salud. Asimismo, el modelo considera la formación humanística, la música y el deporte como medios para lograr dicho cambio cultural en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Reading and Oral Language Skills in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: Influence of Socioeconomic, Educational, and Family Variables.

The Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a delay in language skills that cannot be explained by sensory or cognitive difficulties. Currently, there are limited studies that analyze how socioeconomic, educational, and family variables influence reading skills of Spanish-speaking children with DLD at school. This study identifies how oral language performance and reading skills of children with DLD are linked to socioeconomic, educational, and family factors. Oral language, phonological awareness and reading abilities were assessed in a sample of 15 children diagnosed with DLD and their controls by age and gender. Children's parents answered a Likert scale questionnaire inquiring about some aspects related to the family's socioeconomic status, mothers' educational level, family support, academic average, and repetition of school years of the participants. The results indicate that children with DLD have a lower performance in phonological awareness tasks as well as in reading abilities. There is also a direct relationship between their performance in language and reading skills and variables as mother's educational level and family support. Likewise, children in the sample have a lower academic average as well as a higher school year repetition rate interfering in their academic life. Educational implications of these findings and a discussion on possible causality axes and protective factors that contributes to support this population are presented.

Sexually dimorphic effects of prolactin treatment on the onset of puberty and olfactory function in mice.

The onset of puberty is associated with the psychophysiological maturation of the adolescent to an adult capable of reproduction when olfactory signals play an important role. This period begins with the secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus. This is regulated by kisspeptin neurons that express high levels of transmembrane prolactin receptors (PRLR) that bind to and are activated by prolactin (PRL). The elevated levels of serum PRL found during lactation, or caused by chronic PRL infusion, decreases the secretion of gonadotropins and kisspeptin and compromised the estrous cyclicity and the ovulation. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate the effects of either increased or decreased PRL circulating levels within the peripubertal murine brain by administration of PRL or treatment with cabergoline (Cab) respectively. We showed that either treatment delayed the onset of puberty in females, but not in males. This was associated with the augmentation of the PRL receptor (Prlr) mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and decreased Kiss1 expression in the anteroventral periventricular zone. Then, during adulthood, we assessed the activation of the mitral and granular cells of the main (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) by cFos immunoreactivity (ir) after the exposure to soiled bedding of the opposite sex. In the MOB, the PRL treatment promoted an increased cFos-ir of the mitral cells of males and females. In the granular cells of male of either treatment an augmented activation was observed. In the AOB, an impaired cFos-ir was observed in PRL and Cab treated females after exposure to male soiled bedding. However, in males, only Cab impaired its activation. No effects were observed in the AOB-mitral cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PRL contributes to pubertal development and maturation of the MOB-AOB during the murine juvenile period in a sex-dependent way.

Effectiveness assessment of maternal and neonatal health video clips in knowledge transfer using neuromarketing tools: A randomized crossover trial.

Audiovisual educational material has been used effectively as a knowledge translation strategy in patient education. Given the need to impact maternal mortality rates, 12 video clips related to maternal and neonatal health information were designed based on the results of a previous systematic review (SR). The content was formulated based on clinical practice guideline recommendations and validated following a formal consensus methodology. This study evaluated the effectiveness of knowledge transfer from the 12 video clips in terms of attention, emotional response, and recall by using neuroscience tools. In a randomized cross-over trial, 155 subjects (pregnant women, non-pregnant women, and men) received random sequences of 13 video clips, including a control video clip. Participants' attention levels were evaluated through eye tracking, their emotional reactions were monitored by electrodermal activity and pupillary diameter, and their recall was tested via a questionnaire. An analysis was performed to evaluate differences in the groups and between the video clips and the control clip using variance analysis models that considered period, sequence, and carry-over effects. Results revealed that fixation length was greater in women than in men, while the greatest emotional effects occurred in men. All three groups had good recall results, without any significant differences between them. Although the sequencing did influence attentional processes, no carry-over effect was demonstrated. However, a differential effect was noted among video clips in all three outcomes, that is, when adjusted for group, level of education, and having had children. The control clip generated less attention, emotional reaction, and recall than the experimental video clips. The video clips about maternal and neonatal health were shown to be effective in the transference and comprehension of information. Therefore, cognitive neuroscience techniques are useful in evaluating knowledge translation strategies through audiovisual formats.

Resultados de un programa de estimulación lingüística y cognitiva dirigido a adultos mayores y su impacto en la calidad de vida / Results of a cognitive-linguistic stimulation program for elders and its impact on quality of life

Resumen Introducción. Las habilidades lingüísticas y cognitivas cambian en los adultos mayores afectando su calidad de vida. Los programas de estimulación cognitiva están dirigidos a fortalecer dichas habilidades y mitigar las consecuencias. Objetivo. Presentar la metodología y los resultados de una de las cohortes del programa de promoción de habilidades comunicativas, lingüísticas y cognitivas Mentes en Acción, dirigido a adultos mayores y desarrollado de forma interdisciplinaria en el Programa Docente Asistencial Centro de la Comunicación Humana de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron y compararon los resultados de 92 participantes antes y después de las 8 semanas que contempla el programa. Se evaluaron diferentes habilidades cognitivas y lingüísticas, así como el impacto en la calidad de vida. Resultados. Se evidenciaron mejorías significativas en la mayoría de los dominios evaluados (comunicación, atención, memoria, habilidades de planificación y razonamiento) y en algunas de las variables relacionadas con la calidad de vida tales como dolor, salud general, rol emocional, función social y salud mental. Conclusiones. El estudio se constituye como un primer paso en la generación de evidencia a favor del programa Mentes en Acción; sin embargo, se discuten las limitaciones y perspectivas del mismo.

Abstract Introduction: Language and cognitive skills change in the elderly, affecting their quality of life. Cognitive stimulation programs aim at strengthening these skills and mitigating the consequences. Objective: To present the methodology and results of one of the cohorts of the program for the promotion of communicative, linguistic and cognitive skills Mentes en Acción (Minds in Action), aimed at older adults and developed in an interdisciplinary way by the Teaching Assistance Program of the Human Communication Center of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Materials and methods: The results of 92 participants before and after the eight weeks contemplated by the program were analyzed and compared. Different cognitive and language skills were evaluated, as well as the impact on quality of life. Results: Significant improvements were evident in most of the domains assessed (communication, attention, memory, planning and reasoning skills) and in some of the variables related to quality of life such as pain, general health, emotional role, social function and mental health. Conclusions: This study is a first step in to generate evidence in favor of the Mentes en Acción (Minds in Action) program; however, the limitations and perspectives of the program are also discussed.

Diferencias de las habilidades auditivas en personas videntes e invidentes / Differences of auditory abilities between visually impaired and non-visually impaired people

Por años la ciencia ha explorado el desarrollo de las habilidades sensoriales en personas ciegas o con discapacidad visual como mecanismo de plasticidad cerebral. Sin embargo, existe en el estudio de este campo un sinfín de diferencias individuales que dificultan la formulación de teorías absolutas que permitan argumentar en su totalidad el hallazgo de dichas capacidades. Objetivo: este artículo se realizó con el interés de caracterizar las habilidades auditivas en personas adultas ciegas y no ciegas, con la finalidad de comparar y establecer si existen diferencias entre estos dos grupos. Método: participó una muestra de 32 personas constituida por dos grupos, uno de hombres y otro de mujeres, en edades entre 17 y 59 años. Se evaluaron habilidades de localización y lateralización del sonido, discriminación auditiva, reconocimiento de patrones auditivos, aspectos temporales de la audición, rendimiento auditivo en señales acústicas en competencia y rendimiento auditivo con señales acústicas degradadas. Resultados: a pesar de que existieron diferencias en la mayoría de las pruebas aplicadas a ambos grupos, los resultados obtenidos mostraron, de acuerdo con la prueba de U de Mann Whitney, una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el procesamiento auditivo central del grupo de personas con discapacidad visual comparadas con el grupo sin discapacidad. Particularmente, en las habilidades de reconocimiento de la frecuencia del sonido y de discriminación bajo un enmascaramiento temporal. Discusión: es claro que la rigurosidad en la aplicación del método (incluida la ecología de la prueba), el uso de otros instrumentos y el abordaje de otras variables relacionadas (de tipo cognitivo y diferencias individuales) son factores influyentes para nuevos hallazgos.

For years, science has explored the development of sensory abilities in blind or visually impaired people as a mechanism of cerebral plasticity. However, there are endless individual differences in the researches of this field that hinder the formulation of absolute theories capable to argue the finding of these capacities. Objective: The main interest of this article was to characterize and compare the auditory skills in blind and non-blind adults, and establish if there are differences between these two groups. Method: The participant group was made by 32 people divided in two groups, one of men and another one of women, with ages between 17 and 59 years. The following skills were evaluated: Location and sound lateralization, auditory discrimination, recognition of auditory patterns, temporal aspects of hearing, auditory performance in competing acoustic signals and auditory performance with degraded acoustic signals. Results: Although there were differences in most of the tests applied to both groups, the results obtained showed a statistically significant difference in the central auditory processing between the group of people with visual impairment and the with the group without disability, according to the Mann Whitney U test. These differences were particularly found in the skills of recognition of the sound frequency and discrimination under a temporary masking. Discussion: it is clear that a rigorous application of the method (including the ecology of the test), the use of other instruments, and the approach of other related variables (of cognitive type and individual differences) are influential factors for new findings.

Funcionamiento ejecutivo y desempeño lector en niños con y sin dificultades de lectura: Un estudio de seguimiento ocular / Executive functioning and reading performance in children with and without reading difficulties: An eye follow-up study

Las funciones ejecutivas incluyen habilidades como la memoria de trabajo, el control inhibitorio, la planeación y la flexibilidad cognitiva. Estas habilidades, resultan fundamentales para el desarrollo de procesos cognitivos complejos como el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura, encontrando que aquellos niños con dificultades de lectura tienden a presentar un nivel menor en el rendimiento en tareas de funciones ejecutivas. Objetivo: Caracterizar el rendimiento en funciones ejecutivas y su relación con el nivel de lenguaje y lectura en niños de 8 a 12 años con dificultades de lectura y sus controles por edad y género en relación a los patrones de seguimiento visual. Método: Participantes: 9 niños con dificultades de lectura y 9 controles. Procedimiento: Se evaluó el nivel de lenguaje, funciones ejecutivas y lectura haciendo uso del Eye Tracker Tobii Tx300. Se analizaron los mapas de calor, glaze plot y las áreas de interés. Resultados y Conclusiones: Los niños con dificultades de lectura presentan un nivel de desempeño menor en tareas de funciones ejecutivas especialmente en el control inhibitorio y la planeación, estando estas asociadas directamente con el nivel de lenguaje y el rendimiento lector. De igual forma, las métricas visuales a partir del uso del Eye Tracker permite corroborar estas fallas en el procesamiento en tiempo real frente a tareas que implican demandas cognitivas de alto nivel

Executive functions include skills such as working memory, inhibitory control, planning, and cognitive flexibility, which are fundamental to the development of complex cognitive tasks such as learning to read and write (literacy). Children with reading difficulties tend to demonstrate a lower level of performance on executive function and linguistic tasks. Objectives: To characterize 8 to 12 year-olds with reading difficulties performance on tasks of executive function compared to age and gender matched controls using patterns of visual tracking in order to evaluate the relationship between executive function, language level and reading. Methods: Participants: 9 children with reading difficulties and 9 controls. Procedure: Language level, executive functions and reading were evaluated using the Eye Tracker Tobii Tx300. Heat maps, glaze plots and areas of interest were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: Children with reading difficulties perform at a lower level on executive function tasks especially those involving inhibitory control and planning, which are directly associated with language level and reading performance. Visual metrics from the use of the Eye Tracker allow for the corroboration of these failures in real time processing compared with tasks that involve high cognitive demands

Desempeño en tareas de memoria procedimental en niños con trastorno especifico del lenguaje: Una revisión de literatura / Performance on procedural memory tasks in children with specific language disorder: A literature review

Según la hipótesis del déficit procedimental de (Ullman & Pierpont, 2005) las dificultades de los niños con Trastorno Especifico de Lenguaje (TEL) son producto de fallas en la memoria procedimental, por lo cual, resulta imperativo analizar las tareas de evaluación que permitan su identificación. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda documental en las principales bases de datos de estudios que examinaran la memoria procedimental en niños con TEL entre el 2012 y 2018. Resultados y discusión: De los 219 artículos compilados fueron seleccionados dieciséis para su análisis, extrayendo nueve tareas experimentales, las cuales se analizaron. Se encontró que las fallas en la memoria procedimental se producen específicamente para el aprendizaje implícito de secuencias. No obstante, las tareas con las que hasta el momento se ha buscado comprobar la relación entre lenguaje y memoria procedimental poseen baja confiabilidad en sus medidas (West, Vadillo, & Shanks, 2017). Conclusiones: La hipótesis del déficit procedimental solo puede ser confirmada mediante el desarrollo de nuevos estudios que controlen las variables relacionadas con los participantes y a las tareas experimentales, aumentado así la confiabilidad de los resultados

According to the procedural deficit hypothesis of (Ullman & Pierpont, 2005) the difficulties of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) are the result of failures in procedural memory, so it is imperative to analyze the evaluation tasks that allow their identification. Methodology: A documentary search was carried out in the main databases of studies examining procedural memory in children with SLI between 2012 and 2018. Results and discussion: From the 219 articles compiled, sixteen were selected for analysis, extracting nine experimental tasks, which were analyzed. Procedural memory failures were found to occur specifically for implicit sequence learning. However, the tasks with which so far we have sought to prove the relationship between language and procedural memory have low reliability in their measures (West, Vadillo, & Shanks, 2017)). Conclusions: The procedural deficit hypothesis can only be confirmed through the development of new studies that control variables related to participants and experimental tasks, thus increasing the reliability of the results

Description of two new species of Cryptinglisia Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) associated with rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) in Colombia.

In this study, two new species of soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) associated with rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) from Colombia, Cryptinglisia corpoica Kondo Montes sp. nov. and Cryptinglisia ica Montes Kondo sp. nov. are described and illustrated based on the adult female. Two other coccid species, namely Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) and Saissetia coffeae (Walker), are newly recorded on rosemary. An identification key is presented to all species of soft scale that have been reported on Rosmarinus spp. An updated key to soft scale insects of the genus Cryptinglisia Cockerell is provided also.

Costs and Tradeoffs of Resistance and Tolerance to Belowground Herbivory in Potato.

The success of sustainable crop production depends on our ability to select or create varieties that can allocate resources to both growth and defence. However, breeding efforts have emphasized increases in yields but have partially neglected defence traits against pests. Estimating the costs of multiple defences against tuber herbivores and the tradeoffs among them, as well as understanding the relationship between yield and multiple defences is still unknown but relevant to both basic and applied ecology. Using twenty commercial potato varieties available in Colombia and the tuber herbivore Tecia solanivora, we tested whether high yielding varieties show a reduction in three types of defence: constitutive and induced resistance, as well as tolerance. Specifically, we determined (1) the costs in terms of yield of all three defences, (2) the possible tradeoffs among them, and (3) if oviposition preference was related to the expression of these defences. We detected no costs in terms of yield of constitutive and induced resistance to tuber damage. We did, however, find evidence of costs of being able to tolerate tuber herbivory. While we found no tradeoffs among any of the estimated defences, there was a positive correlation between aboveground compensatory growth and tolerance in terms of tuber production, suggesting that after damage there are no shifts in the allocation of resources from aboveground to belowground biomass. Finally, we found that females laid more eggs on those varieties with the lowest level of constitutive resistance. In conclusion our findings suggest that in potatoes, breeding for higher yields has not caused any reduction in constitutive or induced resistance to tuber damage. This is not the case for tolerance where those varieties with higher yields are also less likely to tolerate tuber damage. Given the high incidence of tuber pests in Colombia, selecting for higher tolerance could allow for high productivity in the presence of herbivores. Finding mechanisms to decouple the tolerance response from yield should be a new priority in potato breeding in Colombia to guarantee a higher yield in both the presence and absence of herbivores.

Análisis de la percepción de eventos estáticos y dinámicos en personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer / Analysis of the perception of static and dynamic events in Alzheimer's disease patients

Uno de los aspectos afectados en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer es el lenguaje. La naturaleza y manifestaciones de estas dificultades se relacionan con la forma como los pacientes con EA perciben y comprenden el mundo que les rodea. En la presente investigación se analizaron las fijaciones visuales de siete pacientes con EA y sus controles durante tareas de percepción de escenas estáticas y dinámicas (imagen y video respectivamente). De igual forma se analizó una muestra de lenguaje producida por los pacientes al narrar el evento dinámico. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en cuanto a la búsqueda visual, en la cual el grupo con EA presento disminución de la velocidad. En tareas de rastreo se evidencia que las personas con EA identifican menos elementos en una imagen realizando menos fijaciones, con estrategias de exploración poco eficientes. En cuanto al evento dinámico, el rastreo visual fue similar entre los dos grupos sin embargo la expresión lingüística de lo observado está afectada en el grupo con EA revelando la relación de la percepción y el lenguaje ya que a pesar de observar los eventos dentro de una escena en movimiento, estos no son recobrados posteriormente para ser expresados lingüísticamente. Estos resultados tienen importantes implicaciones tanto en la identificación de la naturaleza de las dificultades lingüísticas en la EA como en el manejo de la misma.

One of the aspects affected by AD is the language. The nature and manifestations of the difficulties on it. Are closely related with the way in which AD patients perceive and understand the world that surrounds them. This research analyzed the perception of images and a scene in motion as static and dynamic events, observing the relationship perception-language, in a sample of seven patients with AD and their respective controls. In the same way we explored a sample of language produced by patients telling the dynamic event. The results indicated significant differences in visual search, in which for the group with AD the speed decreased. In scan tasks is evidence that people with AD identified fewer elements in an image made less fixations with ineffective exploration strategies. On the Boston tests image "Theft Cookie", visual fixation parameters were similar to the control group. As for the dynamic event, the visual tracking was similar between the two groups but the linguistic expression of what is observed is affected in the group with AD revealing the relationship between perception and language as though watching the events within a moving scene, these are not subsequently recovered to be expressed linguistically. These results have important implications in identifying the nature of language difficulties in AD and in the fonoaudiological evaluation and subsequent treatment

Implementación de un programa de formación a cuidadores de personas mayores con dependencia o discapacidad / Implementation of an education program for caregivers of dependent or disabled elderly

Antecedentes. El incremento de personas mayores de 60 años en Colombia, cuya cifra representa el 10% del total de la población (1), secundario al aumento de la esperanza de vida, trae consigo nuevos desafíos en las políticas de salud y evidencia la necesidad de establecer nuevas estrategias de capacitación, especialmente en situaciones de dependencia o discapacidad en las cuales el cuidado de los adultos mayores está a cargo de un familiar, quien asume el rol de cuidador informal. Lo anterior impacta negativamente su calidad de vida. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto generado en un grupo de cuidadores informales de personas mayores con la implementación de un curso de capacitación en la ciudad de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. El proyecto incluyó cuatro fases: a) Caracterización inicial y establecimiento de línea de base; b) Implementación del curso de formación; c) Medición final que incluyo evaluación de calidad de vida, dependencia y satisfacción con el programa, y d) Análisis de resultados obtenidos. Los resultados se analizaron mediante estadísticos descriptivos, mientras que para valorar las diferencias entre las mediciones se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica de rangos de Wilcoxon. Resultados. Inicialmente se observó un alto índice de sobrecarga de los cuidadores; al finalizar el programa se reportaron cambios positivos en calidad de vida, dependencia y mejor utilización de los tiempos dedicados al autocuidado y al cuidado de los otros. Conclusiones. Las estrategias dirigidas a la formación de cuidadores informales permiten el empoderamiento de los cuidadores y una menor dependencia por parte de la persona cuidada, lo que redunda en la mejora de la calidad de vida de los dos.

Background. The increase in the number of people over 60 years in Colombia, which represents 10% of the total population (1) secondary to increased life expectancy brings with it new challenges in health policy and highlights the need for establishing new training strategies, especially in situations of dependency and / or disability in which the care of the elderly is run by a family who assumes the role of informal caregiver. This condition has a negative impact in their quality of life. Objective. To determine the effect caused in a group of informal caregivers of dependent elderly and/or disabled in Bogotá. Materials and Methods. The project included four phases: (a) Initial characterization and establishment of baseline; (b) implementation of the training; (c) final assessment, which included measurement of quality of life, dependence and satisfaction with the program, and (d) analysis of the obtained results. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and to assess the differences between measurements the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank test was used. Results. Initially a high index of overload in caregivers was observed. At the end of the program, positive changes in life quality, level of dependence and a better use of the times spending in self-care activities and elderly caring routines were observed. Conclusions. The strategies focusing on educating informal caregivers allow for their empowering and to lessen the level of dependence of the elder person being cared, which in turn increases the quality of life in both parts of the caring dyad.

Perfil de errores en la prosucción de palabras en etapas iniciales de la enfermedad alzheimer / Words production profile errors in early stages of Alzheimer's disease

Las tareas de Denominación por confrontación visual (DCV) y fluidez verbal (FV) son amplia-mente utilizadas para evaluar el funcionamiento cognitivo de personas con diagnóstico de enfer-medad de Alzheimer (EA), un desempeño más bajo con respecto a controles, ha sido asociado a un deterioro la memoria semántica. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el desempeño de pacientes con EA leve con un grupo control en tareas de fluidez verbal y denominación por confrontación visual; analizando los errores cometidos por los participantes a fin de comprobar si las fallas en estas tareas tienen origen en el déficit de la memoria semántica. Los resultados muestran una gran heterogeneidad en los procesos cognitivos vinculados a la producción oral de palabras en personas con EA. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de evaluar a cada paciente de forma individual por medio del análisis cuantitativo y sobre todo cualitativo e interpretar los signos y síntomas independientemente de la patología

The tasks of visual confrontation naming (DCV) and verbal fluency (VF) are widely used to assess cognitive functioning in persons diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD), lower perfor-mance relative to controls, has been associated with a semantic memory impairment. The goal of this study was to compare the performance of patients with mild AD with a control group on tasks of verbal fluency and visual confrontation naming; analyzing the errors made by the par-ticipants in order to ascertain whether the failure in these tasks are rooted in semantic memory deficits. The results show a great heterogeneity in production-related words in persons with AD cognitive processes. These results suggest the need to evaluate each patient individually and es-pecially by means of qualitative and quantitative analysis to interpret the signs and symptoms regardless of pathology