Differences in Visual Working and Mobile Phone Usage Distance according to the Job Profile.

PURPOSE: To analyze and characterize the pattern of visual working distance (WD) and mobile phone usage distance (MPD) in a large population, analyzing the differences in these parameters according to the job profile. METHODS: Cross-sectional study consisting of a screening campaign evaluating the visual status of professionals from seven different environments. A total of 454 participants with a mean age of 41.5 years (range, 22-64 years) were revised. The screening campaign consisted of several rapid tests performed in a single session in the usual work environment of each participant, including measurement of WD, arm length, and MPD (VisionApp, VisionApp Solutions S.L.). RESULTS: WD was significantly longer than MPD (82.5 ± 150.6 vs. 31.9 ± 6.3 cm, p < .001), whereas no significant differences were found between arm length (74.3 ± 4.8 cm) and WD (p = .493). WD was below 80 cm in 89.6% (407/454) of participants, whereas MPD was below 40 cm in 89.0% (404/454). No significant correlation was found between WD and MPD (r = 0.126, p = .117). Statistically significant differences were detected among job profile subgroups in WD (p < .001), with military personnel showing significantly longer WD than other professionals (p ≤ 0.018). Significant differences were also found between job profile subgroups in MPD (p = .006), with shorter MPDs for shoe factory professionals compared to sellers (p = .046). CONCLUSIONS: WD and MPD vary significantly among individuals, but always showing a shorter MPD. WD varies significantly also according to the job profile, being necessary to consider this information when selecting the most optimal optical aid in each case, especially for the compensation of presbyopia.

Analysis of the technical feasibility of using artificial intelligence for smoothing active power in a photovoltaic system connected to the power system

Abstract Recent technological advances and increased participation of energy systems based on photovoltaic solar energy place this renewable energy source in a prominent position in the current scenario. With the increase in the share of solar photovoltaic systems, the impact of power fluctuations in these sources has worsened, which can affect the quality of electrical energy and the reliability of the electrical power system. Therefore, with the use of energy storage together with control algorithms based on artificial intelligence, it is possible to control and perform power smoothing. In this context, the study presents a technical feasibility study on the use of artificial neural network (ANN) to perform the power smoothing of the photovoltaic system connected to the network. Being studied the performance of a real photovoltaic system operating in conjunction with an ideal energy storage for comparative analysis of the performance of the artificial neural network when the numbers of neurons and layers are modified for different real operating conditions considered as temperature variation, humidity, irradiation, pressure and wind speed, which are considered to be ANN input data. The results obtained point to the feasibility of using ANN, with acceptable precision, for power smoothing. According to the analyzes carried out, it is clear that ANN's with few neurons, the smoothing profile tends to be more accurate when compared to larger amounts of neurons. In the current state of the study, it was not possible to determine a relationship between the variations in the number of neurons with the most accurate results, it is important to note that the development of the curve pointed by the neural network can be influenced by the database. It should be noted that, when ANN exceeds or does not reach the optimal smoothing curve, the storage system compensates for the lack or excess of power, and there is a need for other mechanisms to optimize power smoothing.

Ser víctima de bullying: prevalencia y factores de vulnerabilidad en adolescentes / Being a victim of bullying: prevalence and vulnerability factors in adolescents

FUNDAMENTOS: La elevada prevalencia del bullying y sus consecuencias lo convierten en un problema de salud pública. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la prevalencia de ser víctima de bullying entre adolescentes de 15 a 18 años y analizar los factores sociodemográficos y de salud que se asocian con la victimización. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en 844 estudiantes matriculados en 5 institutos de educación secundaria de Cuenca (España) en el curso académico 2015-2016. Se utilizó un cuestionario autoadministrado que incluía variables sociodemográficas y de salud (afecciones clínicas, discapacidad, peso y talla). Ser víctima de bullying y el resto de variables se midieron mediante subescalas del instrumento KIDSCREEN-52, que mide la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de bullying fue 29,5 %. Las víctimas de acoso respecto a las no víctimas presentaron puntuaciones inferiores en todas las subescalas de KIDSCREEN-52. El análisis multivariante mostró que ser chico, tener discapacidad/problema de salud (β=2,349), presentar peor estado de ánimo (β=0,952), peor autopercepción (β=0,967), peor relación con los pares (β=0,978), menores recursos económicos (β=0,976) y percibir menor calidad de vida (β=0,892) fueron variables que se asociaron con aumento del riesgo de ser víctima de bullying. CONCLUSIONES: Los adolescentes más vulnerables son aquellos que presentan problemas físicos, psicológicos o sociales y por tanto son los más desprotegidos. Ser acosado tiene efectos nocivos sobre la salud y el desarrollo socioemocional, por lo que es necesario identificar a los adolescentes con un riesgo mayor

FUNDAMENTALS: The higher prevalence of bullying and its consequences make it a public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of being a victim of school bullying among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years and analyze the sociodemographic and health factors associated with victimization. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 844 students enrolled in 5 Secondary Schools of Cuenca (Spain) in the academic year 2015-2016. It is a self-administered questionnaire that includes sociodemographic and health variables (clinical conditions, disability, weight and height). Being a victim of intimidation and the rest of the variables were measured using subscales of the KIDSCREEN-52 instrument, which measures the quality of life related to health. RESULTS: The prevalence of bullying was 29.5%. Victims of harassment regarding non-victims presented lower scores in all subscales of KIDSCREEN-52. The multivariate analysis showed that being boy, having a disability / health problem (β = 2,349), worse mood (β = 0,952), worse self-perception (β = 0,967), worse relation with the pairs (β = 0.978), the lowest economic resources (β = 0.976) and the lowest quality of life (β = 0.892) were variables that were associated with an increase in the risk of being a victim of harassment. CONCLUSIONS: The most vulnerable adolescents are those who present physical, psychological or social problems and therefore are more unprotected. Being harassed has harmful effects on health and socio-emotional development, which is why it is necessary to identify adolescents with a higher risk

Perfil de consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Factores protectores / Profile of drug use in adolescents. Protective factors

OBJETIVO: Determinar el patrón de consumo de tóxicos y analizar el papel de factores protectores personales y sociales sobre el consumo de alcohol. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 5 institutos de educación secundaria de Cuenca capital (2015-2016). Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente los grupos (3.° y 4.° de ESO y 1.° y 2.° de bachillerato) y dieron su consentimiento 844 estudiantes. Se empleó un cuestionario autoadministrado con variables sociodemográficas, datos de consumo de sustancias y las escalas CD-RISC 10 para evaluar resiliencia y KIDSCREEN-52 para medir aspectos individuales y sociales asociados con la calidad de vida de los adolescentes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos bivariados y multivariantes. RESULTADOS: Un 55,7% fueron chicas, la edad media fue de 16,36+/-1,05 años. El inicio se situó entre los 13-14 años, los porcentajes de consumo habitual fueron 70,9% para alcohol, 26,4% para tabaco y 14,2% para cannabis (cifras inferiores al consumo experimental). Se detectó policonsumo (35%). La regresión mostró que los no consumidores de alcohol presentaban mejores cifras de estado de ánimo, autopercepción, relación con los padres y entorno escolar. CONCLUSIONES: El inicio en el consumo de drogas es cada vez más temprano, especialmente en el cannabis. La disponibilidad y la baja percepción del riesgo hacen del alcohol la droga más extendida. Las acciones encaminadas a favorecer el bienestar emocional y el apoyo familiar proporcionan seguridad a los adolescentes y recursos para resistir las presiones del grupo

OBJECTIVE: To determine the patterns of drug use in an adolescent population and to analyse the role of personal and social protective factors in alcohol consumption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in five secondary schools in the city of Cuenca (Spain) in the period 2015-2016. The groups were randomly selected (3rd - 4th GCSE and 1st - 2nd GCE), with a total of 844 students giving their consent. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which included sociodemographic variables, consumption data, CD-RISC 10 scale to evaluate resilience, and KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire to measure individual and social aspects associated with health-related quality of life in adolescents. Descriptive bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Just over half (55.7%) of the pupils selected were girls, and the mean age was 16.3+/-1.01 years. The pupils began consumption when they became 13-14 years old. The percentages of habitual consumption were 70.9% for alcohol, 26.4% for tobacco, and 14.2% for cannabis. Multiple drug use was also found in 35%. The regression model for alcohol showed that non-consumers showed better values in emotional moods, self-perception, relationships with their parents, and their school environment. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents start using drugs, especially cannabis, at an earlier age. Availability and the perception of low-risk make alcohol the most widespread drug. Actions aimed at fostering emotional well-being and family support provides security for adolescents, as well as the resources that help them overcome the pressures of the group

[Profile of drug use in adolescents. Protective factors]. / Perfil de consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Factores protectores.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the patterns of drug use in an adolescent population and to analyse the role of personal and social protective factors in alcohol consumption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in five secondary schools in the city of Cuenca (Spain) in the period 2015-2016. The groups were randomly selected (3rd - 4th GCSE and 1st - 2nd GCE), with a total of 844 students giving their consent. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which included sociodemographic variables, consumption data, CD-RISC 10 scale to evaluate resilience, and KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire to measure individual and social aspects associated with health-related quality of life in adolescents. Descriptive bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Just over half (55.7%) of the pupils selected were girls, and the mean age was 16.3±1.01 years. The pupils began consumption when they became 13-14 years old. The percentages of habitual consumption were 70.9% for alcohol, 26.4% for tobacco, and 14.2% for cannabis. Multiple drug use was also found in 35%. The regression model for alcohol showed that non-consumers showed better values in emotional moods, self-perception, relationships with their parents, and their school environment. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents start using drugs, especially cannabis, at an earlier age. Availability and the perception of low-risk make alcohol the most widespread drug. Actions aimed at fostering emotional well-being and family support provides security for adolescents, as well as the resources that help them overcome the pressures of the group.

Validation to the Spanish of the Jefferson empathy scale health professions students version and its psychometric properties in nursing students.

The ability to empathize with patients has a positive effect on health outcomes and quality of care. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Profession Student version (JSE-HPS) in a sample of 422 nursing students and to compare their factorial structure with that of the original scale. In this study, the Cronbach α value was 0.828. These analyses showed that the scale has a factorial structure with three dimensions and all the items loaded adequately (>0.36) except for item 18 (0.266). The main factor, ̔Perspective taking̕ grouped 10 items; the second factor, ̔Compassionate care̕, grouped 6 items, and the third factor, ̔Standing in the patient's shoes̕, grouped 3 items; 42.2% of the variance was explained. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis suggest that the Spanish version of the JSE-HPS is a valid and reliable way to evaluate the empathic capacity of nursing students.

¿Es posible detectar casos de acoso escolar a través de la presencia de problemas psicosomáticos? / Is it possible to detect cases of bullying through the presence of psychosomatic problems?

Introducción: la elevada prevalencia del acoso escolar y sus consecuencias lo convierten en un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: analizar, en una población de adolescentes escolarizados, la prevalencia de acoso escolar y su asociación con problemas psicosomáticos. Material y métodos: estudio transversal de una muestra representativa de 844 estudiantes en cinco institutos de educación secundaria (IES) de Cuenca (España). Mediciones principales: acoso escolar mediante la subescala aceptación social del KIDSCREEN-52 y problemas psicosomáticos con la escala PSP. Resultados: la prevalencia de acoso escolar fue del 29,5%, sin deferencias significativas por sexo ni edad. Las chicas y los adolescentes de mayor edad presentaron problemas psicosomáticos significativamente más altos. Tanto en chicas como en chicos, una mayor presencia de estos se asoció con ser víctima de acoso escolar. Las ecuaciones de regresión realizadas para cada uno de los problemas psicosomáticos mostraron que, además de la influencia del sexo y la edad, ser víctima de acoso escolar es un predictor de peor salud psicosomática y de peor calidad de vida. Los modelos que explicaron mayor porcentaje de la varianza fueron el índice de psicosomáticos (21%), sentirse triste (15%), dolor de cabeza (10%) y dolor de estómago (11%). Conclusiones: los problemas psicosomáticos son frecuentes en adolescentes y especialmente entre las víctimas de acoso escolar. Es aconsejable que los profesionales de la salud, especialmente médicos y enfermeras, consideren seriamente la posibilidad de estar ante una víctima de acoso cuando un adolescente exhibe sintomatología psicosomática, especialmente la relacionada con tristeza, dolor de cabeza o de estómago sin causa orgánica aparente

Introduction: the high prevalence of school bullying and its consequences make it a public health problem. Objective: to analyse the prevalence of school bullying and its association with psychosomatic problems in a population of adolescent students. Materials and methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of 844 students enrolled in 5 secondary education schools (SESs) in the city of Cuenca (Spain). The main assessment instruments were the social acceptance subscale of the KIDSCREEN-52 (bullying) and the PSP scale (psychosomatic problems). Results: the prevalence of being subject to school bullying was 29.5%, with no differences based on age or sex. We found a higher frequency of psychosomatic problems in female and older adolescents. In students of both sexes, a higher frequency of these problems was associated with being bullied. The regression models built for each of the psychosomatic problems showed that, correcting for the influence of sex and age, being bullied is a predictor of psychosomatic problems and a poorer quality of life. The models that explained the largest percentages of the variance where those for the total score in the psychosomatic problem scale (21%), feelings of sadness (15%), headache (10%) and stomach ache (11%). Conclusions: psychosomatic problems are frequent in adolescents, especially those who are victims of school bullying. Health care professionals, especially doctors and nurses, should strongly consider the possibility of bullying when an adolescent exhibits psychosomatic symptoms, especially sadness, headache or stomach ache, with no apparent organic cause

Influencia del estilo de escucha sobre la capacidad empática en estudiantes de Enfermería / Influence of the listening style on the empathic ability among Nursing students

Objetivo: analizar la influencia de los diferentes estilos de escucha sobre la empatía en estudiantes de Enfermería. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal, en estudiantes de Enfermería que han realizado asignaturas de prácticas clínicas (n= 557). Variables de estudio: edad, sexo, empatía (Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professions [JSE-HPS]) y estilos de escucha (The Listening Styles Profile [LSP-16]). Análisis estadístico: análisis bivariante mediante t de Student y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; análisis multivariante mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: participaron 446 estudiantes (edad media: 22,8 años; 20,4% hombres). Puntuación media en empatía: 118,0 (DE: 12,2). Los valores medios de los estilos de escucha fueron: 12,5 (DE: 1,8) para persona; 9,1 (DE: 2,2) para contenido; 7,5 (DE: 2,7) para acción y 4,8 (DE: 2,8) para tiempo. El análisis multivariado mostró, ajustando por edad y sexo, que la capacidad empática aumenta a mayor puntuación en el estilo centrado de la Persona (ß= 0,243) y, de forma opuesta, disminuye a medida que aumenta el estilo centrado en Tiempo (ß= -0,271). Conclusión: el estilo de escucha orientado a Persona, que se centra en las necesidades y sentimientos del paciente, es el que predomina y aumenta la capacidad empática; mientras que el orientado al Tiempo es característico de los oyentes impacientes y tiene un efecto negativo sobre la empatía. A lo largo de la formación clínica, el alumnado tiene que ser consciente de la influencia de su estilo de escucha durante la interacción con el paciente

Objectives: to analyze the influence of different listening styles on empathy among Nursing students. Method: a descriptive and cross-sectional study among Nursing students who have completed subjects from practical to clinical (n= 557). Study variables; age, gender, empathy (Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professions (JSE-HPS)) and listening styles (The Listening Styles Profile (LSP-16)). Statistical analysis: bivariate analysis through Student's t and Pearson Correlation Coefficient; multivariate analysis through linear regression. Results: in total, 446 students participated (mean age: 22.8 years; 20.4% were male). The mean score in empathy was 118.0 (SD: 12.2). The mean values for listening styles were: 12.5 (SD: 1.8) for People; 9.1 (SD: 2.2) for Contents; 7.5 (SD: 2.7) for Action and 4.8 (SD: 2.8) for Time. The multivariate analysis, adjusted by age and gender, showed that the empathic ability increases when there is a higher score in the People-oriented style (ß= 0.243); and, on the other hand, it is reduced when there is an increase in the Time-oriented style (ß= -0.271). Conclusion: the Person-oriented listening style, which focuses on the needs and feelings by the patient, is the prevailing one and it increases the empathic ability; while the Time-oriented style is characteristic in impatient listeners, and has a negative effect on empathy. During clinical training, students must be aware of the influence of their listening style during their interaction with patients