Self-perception of dual career barriers and athletic identity in student-athletes with disabilities according to disability type and level of professionalization.

The objective of this study was to analyze the perceived barriers to dual career success and athletic identity of student-athletes according to disability type and level of professionalization. The final sample consisted of 203 student-athletes with disabilities from five European countries. The questionnaires used were ESTPORT, EBBS and AIMS. Depending on disability type, it was found that student-athletes with hearing and physical impairment showed the highest difficulty in reconciling sports and studies (p = 0.001); that student-athletes with a hearing impairment showed the highest score in the barrier 'the cost of education is high' (p = 0.023); that student-athletes with a physical impairment had the highest scores in the barrier 'Exercise tires me' (p = 0.013); that student-athletes with cerebral palsy showed the highest scores in the barrier 'I do not have enough university/educational institution support' (p = 0.014) and 'Exercise facilities do not have convenient timetables for me' (p = 0.001). Depending on sports professionalization level, semi-professional student-athletes showed the highest values in the barrier 'the university/educational institution is far from my training center' (p = 0.040); while professional student-athletes had the highest score in the barrier 'exercise takes too much time from family responsibilities' (p = 0.034). In most of the variables related to identity as athletes, professional student-athletes showed the highest values, followed by semi-professional athletes (p = 0.043- < 0.001). In conclusion, the self-perception of barriers is quite relevant, with differences arising from disability type and level of professionalization, whereas the identity as an athlete is only different according to the level of professionalization.

Edad relativa en baloncesto U12 español: Análisis de la última década / Relative Age Effect in U12 Spanish Basketball: The Past Decade Analysis

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: (a) analizar el efecto de la edad relativa (RAE) en los jugadores que participaron en el Campeonato de España de Minibásquet durante la última década, y (b) determinar una posible relación entre RAE y la clasificación final de los equipos analizados. Los participantes analizados fueron todos los jugadores (n = 2268) de los 19 equipos participantes durante los años 2009-2018. Se dividió a los jugadores, según su fecha de nacimiento, en cuatro cuartiles y se agruparon a los 10 mejores equipos de la clasificación en tres categorías diferentes. Los resultados mostraron el RAE durante la última década (χ2 = 380.57, P = .000). Los tres mejores equipos incluyeron un mayor número de jugadores nacidos en la primera mitad del año (83.40%, χ2 = 183.15, P = .000). En conclusión, el rendimiento en baloncesto U12 podría verse afectado por el RAE. (AU)

The objectives of this study were: (a) to analyze the relative age effect (RAE) in the players participating in the Spanish Championship of Minibasket during the last decade, and (b) to determine a possible relationship between RAE and the final classification of the analyzed teams. All players (n = 2268) from the 19 participating teams during the years 2009-2018 were analyzed. We subdivided the players according to their date of birth into four quartiles and grouped the top 10 teams of the ranking into three different categories. The results showed RAE during the past decade (χ2 = 380.57, P = .000). In addition, the top three teams included a greater number of players born in the first half of the year (83.40%, χ2 = 183.15, P = .000). In conclusion, RAE could affect the U12-basketball performance. (AU)