New insights on the removal of diclofenac and ibuprofen by CWPO using a magnetite-based catalyst in an up-flow fixed-bed reactor.

This research has been focused on the removal of two anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBU), by a continuous catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) process using a lab-synthesized nanomagnetic catalyst (Fe3O4/MWCNTs). The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) method was used to study the effect of DCF and IBU concentration (expressed as theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) between 0 and 52.5 mg L-1) and of the feed stream pH (from 3 to 7) on the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and the concentration of aromatic compounds (Arm) and total phenolic compounds (TP) by CWPO. It could be observed that DCF was preferably removed from the DCF-IBU aqueous mixture at pH values ranging from 3 to 5. In addition, feed stream pH had a significant effect on the pollutants removal, as well as on TOC, TP and aromatic compounds removal, observing an increasing in the pollutants degradation when feed stream pH decreased from 7 to 3. Quadratic models predicted for response variable, such as TOC, TP and aromatic compounds removal, and their maximum model-predicted removal values were of 90.0, 80.2 and 90.0%, respectively. Finally, as a proof of concept, three environmentally-relevant aqueous matrices, spiked with DCF-IBU mixture, were treated. In this case, relatively high TOC degradation values were found after 20 h reaction time (ca. 57.7, 73.9 and 54.5% in surface water, WWTP effluent and hospital wastewater, respectively). This work deals the first study about DCF-IBU removal in aqueous solution by CWPO, as well as a continuous study using real wastewater that allow to extend the experimental results to a real scenario.

Anti-tetanus toxin titers in sera of the women who gave births in 1985 and 1989 in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain).

14.9% (208/1400) of the women who gave births in 1985 and 1989 in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain), was considered to have 'protective' levels (> or = 0.01 IU/ml) of tetanus antitoxin as measured by the passive haemagglutination test. Prevalence of protective antibodies was correlated to the years when women were born: 54.7% (64/117) of those born after 1965 were considered to have 'protective' levels (> or = 0.01 IU/ml) of tetanus antitoxin in contrast to those born before 1956 [only 6.2% (21/338)]. This is considered to be due to the infant immunization campaign introduced in 1965 in the Basque Country. Thus, we conclude that the tetanus immunization campaigns in the Basque Country adult population is urgent.

Coxiella burnetii infection in subjects with HIV infection and HIV infection in patients with Q fever.

The objective of the study was to determine whether HIV infection favors the acquisition of Coxiella burnetii infection or increases the frequency of symptomatic Coxiella infections. A total of 754 subjects were tested for Coxiella antibodies: 596 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) (306 HIV-infected IVDUs matched by aged and sex with 291 non-HIV-infected IVDUs), and 157 healthy puerperal women matched to the IVDU women. A total of 520 patients with Q fever were tested for HIV antibodies. The seroprevalence of Coxiella antibodies was similar in the 2 groups of IVDUs (19.3% of HIV + IVDUs vs 22.9% of HIV - IVDUs). Likewise, there was no difference in the prevalence of Coxiella antibodies in the groups of IVDU women and healthy women. Of the 520 subjects with acute Q fever, diagnosed between 1987 and 1992, only 4 (0.77%) had HIV infection. The proportions of HIV-infected subjects in the population of patients, with Q fever, of 20-39 years of age (the age of maximum incidence of both HIV and Coxiella infection in our region), coincided with the estimated proportions of HIV subjects in the respective general populations of the province. In conclusion, infection by Coxiella burnetii was not more frequent among HIV-infected subjects. It is not likely that Coxiella infection produces symptomatic infections more often in HIV-infected subjects.

[The indications for the antipneumococcal vaccine in Spain]. / Indicación de la vacuna antineumocócica en España.

The anti-pneumococcal vaccine, with 23 capsular polysaccharides, is an effective vaccine used in most of the developed countries, although still not commercially available in Spain. Between January 1981 and June 1992, we isolated 784 Streptococcus pneumoniae from clinical samples (excluding asymptomatic carriers), 728 of which could be serotyped (300 isolated in hemoculture and/or LCR). 91.5% of the total and 93.3% of the most invasive strains, as well as 98.1% of the penicillin-resistant strains or 98.8% of the isolated multiresistant strains, presented a serotype covered by the current vaccine. The high resistance to antibiotics of the pneumococcus in Spain makes more urgent the indication of the vaccine in our community.