ABSTRACT
A novel haplotype-based approach that uses Procrustes analysis and automatic classification was used to provide further insights into tomato history and domestication. Agrarian societies domesticated species of interest by introducing complex genetic modifications. For tomatoes, two species, one of which had two botanical varieties, are thought to be involved in its domestication: the fully wild Solanum pimpinellifolium (SP), the wild and semi-domesticated Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (SLC) and the cultivated S. l. var. lycopersicum (SLL). The Procrustes approach showed that SP evolved into SLC during a gradual migration from the Peruvian deserts to the Mexican rainforests and that Peruvian and Ecuadorian SLC populations were the result of more recent hybridizations. Our model was supported by independent evidence, including ecological data from the accession collection site and morphological data. Furthermore, we showed that photosynthesis-, and flowering time-related genes were selected during the latitudinal migrations.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la eficacia y seguridad de la biopsia del ganglio centinela para la estadificación linfática en pacientes con cáncer de mama y cirugía previa mamaria, considerando la extensión, localización y tiempo desde el procedimiento quirúrgico anterior. Material y métodos. Realizamos biopsia de ganglio centinela a 38 pacientes con cáncer de mama precoz y algún antecedente quirúrgico mamario: biopsia escisional reciente en 22 pacientes (grupo I), tumorectomía o mamoplastia antigua en 16 (grupo II), incluyendo una cirugía conservadora por cáncer de mama (recurrencia tumoral). Se realizó linfogammagrafía tras inyección periareolar y ocasionalmente también peri-cicatricial. Tras la exéresis del ganglio centinela se practicó linfadenectomía axilar solo cuando el ganglio fue positivo (o no localizado). Resultados. La eficacia de localización gammagráfica del ganglio centinela fue 92,1%, con 15,8% de drenajes extra-axilares; la tasa de detección quirúrgica axilar fue 81,6%. La identificación resultó similar tras biopsia escisional reciente y cirugía antigua (81,8 frente a 81,2%), con mayor porcentaje de ganglios extra-axilares en el segundo grupo (9,1% frente a 25%). La localización del antecedente quirúrgico en el cuadrante supero-externo produjo más drenajes extra-axilares (27,2% frente a 11,1%); la eficacia de detección axilar fue similar al resto de cuadrantes (81,8% frente a 81,5%). La tasa actual de eventos relacionados con la enfermedad es 5,2% (2/38), sin recurrencias locorregionales (seguimiento medio tres años). Conclusión. La biopsia del ganglio centinela tras cirugía mamaria no extensa puede realizarse con seguridad. Los drenajes extra-axilares son más frecuentes cuando el antecedente quirúrgico es amplio, remoto y en el cuadrante superoexterno(AU)
Aim. The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy and safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy for lymph node staging in patients with breast cancer and prior breast surgery, considering its extension, localization and time since the previous surgical procedure. Material and methods. A sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in 38 patients with early breast cancer and previous breast surgery: recent excisional biopsy in 22 patients (Group I), previous lumpectomy or mammoplasty in 16, including one case of cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery (tumor recurrence). Lymphoscintigraphy was performed after periareolar injection, also sometimes adding an injection near to the surgical scar. After removing the sentinel node, axillary lymph node dissection was performed when the lymph node was positive (and not localized). Results. The efficacy of the scintigraphic localization of the sentinel node was 92.1% of the patients, with 15.8% of extra-axillary drainages. Axillary intraoperative detection was 81.6%. The identification rate after recent excisional biopsy or previous surgery was similar (81.8 vs 81.2%). However, extra-axillary sentinel nodes were more frequent in Group II (9.1 vs 25%). Having a localization of previous surgical procedures in upper outer quadrant caused drainages outside of the axilla more frequently (27.2 vs 11.1%). Axillary detection rate was similar to other quadrants (81.8 vs 81.5%). The rate of breast cancer-related events was 5.2% (2/38), without axillary recurrences (mean follow-up: 3 years). Conclusion. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with previous but not extensive breast surgery is safe. Extra-axillary drainages are more common when the previous surgical area was wide, especially in the upper-outer quadrant(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mammography/methods , Ultrasonography, Mammary , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy/methods , /methods , Breast Neoplasms , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Nuclear Medicine/methods , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy/trends , Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy , /trendsABSTRACT
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