[Behaviour therapy in the practice management of a veterinary practice. Survey among practicing veterinarians and veterinarians specializing in behaviour therapy]. / Verhaltenstherapie im Praxismanagement einer Tierarztpraxis. Befragung praktischer und auf Verhaltenstherapie spezialisierter Tierärzte.

OBJECTIVE: of the study was to investigate whether behaviour therapy may be an economic niche within practice management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was used to analyze to what extent veterinarians have already applied behaviour therapy (BT) and how they evaluate economic efficiency and patient owners' attitude. The descriptive analysis included the data from 312 practicing veterinarians (167 randomly selected, interviewed and 145 signed on for training sessions, veterinarians) and of 23 veterinarians specialized in BT. RESULTS: Two-thirds (67% of n=288) of the practicing veterinarians offered BT in their practices. The economic efficiency of BT was evaluated as positive by 64% (of n=281) of the practicing veterinarians and by 83% (of n=23) of specialists. 32% (of n = 146) of practitioners who offered behavioural therapy confirmed an increase in sales through the application of BT. Among the specialists, 84% (of n=19) confirmed this experience. In comparison to the specialists and literature data, most of the practicing veterinarians spent insufficient time (61% of n=180) for a behaviour consultation. Furthermore, most of them (86% of n=162) charged less for BT than the amounts fixed by the German Payment Regulations (Gebührenordnung für Tierärzte), as compared to the specialists. CONCLUSION: The specialized veterinarians offered, in contrast to most practitioners, a consultation of BT with sufficiently calculated time and accurate payment planning to realise a therapeutic and commercial outcome. Therefore, the assessment of the economic efficiency of BT and their sales increase through BT were better than the estimation of the practicing veterinarians. Behaviour therapy cannot be managed by providing advice free of charge or charging less. Veterinarians have to become aware that BT is a veterinary area of specialization for which an adequate qualification is necessary. If the veterinarian is not specialized in BT he should refer to a qualified colleague.

85Rb tunable-interaction Bose-Einstein condensate machine.

We describe our experimental setup for creating stable Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of (85)Rb with tunable interparticle interactions. We use sympathetic cooling with (87)Rb in two stages, initially in a tight Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap and subsequently in a weak, large-volume, crossed optical dipole trap, using the 155 G Feshbach resonance to manipulate the elastic and inelastic scattering properties of the (85)Rb atoms. Typical (85)Rb condensates contain 4 x 10(4) atoms with a scattering length of a=+200a(0). Many aspects of the design presented here could be adapted to other dual-species BEC machines, including those involving degenerate Fermi-Bose mixtures. Our minimalist apparatus is well suited to experiments on dual-species and spinor Rb condensates, and has several simplifications over the (85)Rb BEC machine at JILA, which we discuss at the end of this article.

Ramsey interferometry with an atom laser.

We present results on a free-space atom interferometer operating on the first order magnetically insensitive |F = 1,mF = 0) --> |F = 2,mF = 0) ground state transition of Bose-condensed (87)Rb atoms. A pulsed atom laser is output-coupled from a Bose-Einstein condensate and propagates through a sequence of two internal state beam splitters, realized via coherent Raman transitions between the two interfering states. We observe Ramsey fringes with a visibility close to 100% and determine the current and the potentially achievable interferometric phase sensitivity. This system is well suited to testing recent proposals for generating and detecting squeezed atomic states.

Coherent 455 nm beam production in a cesium vapor.

We observe coherent, cw, 455 nm blue-beam production via frequency upconversion in cesium vapor. Two IR lasers induce strong double excitation in a heated cesium vapor cell, allowing the atoms to undergo a double cascade and produce a coherent, collimated, blue beam copropagating with the two IR pump lasers.

A two-state Raman coupler for coherent atom optics.

We present results on a Raman laser-system that resonantly drives a closed two-photon transition between two levels in different hyperfine ground states of (87)Rb. The coupler is based on a novel optical design for producing two phase-coherent optical beams to drive a Raman transition. Operated as an outcoupler, it produces an atom laser in a single internal atomic state, with the lower divergence and increased brightness typical of a Raman outcoupler. Due to the optical nature of the outcoupling, the two-state outcoupler is an ideal candidate for transferring photon correlations onto atom-laser beams. As our laser system couples just two hyperfine ground states, it has also been used as an internal state beamsplitter, taking the next major step towards free space Ramsey interferometry with an atom laser.

Probing a Bose-Einstein condensate with an atom laser.

A pulsed atom laser derived from a Bose-Einstein condensate is used to probe a second target condensate. The target condensate scatters the incident atom laser pulse. From the spatial distribution of scattered atoms, one can infer important properties of the target condensate and its interaction with the probe pulse. As an example, we measure the s-wave scattering length that, in low energy collisions, describes the interaction between the |F = 1,m(F) = -1) and |F = 2,m(F) = 0) hyperfine ground states in (87)Rb.

[Assessing diagnostic possibilities using the sensitivity of findings]. / Schätzung der Diagnosewahrscheinlichkeit mittels der Befundsensitivität.

The Bayes-formula gives the possibility in ambiguous situations for diagnostic decisions to use the sensitiveness of findings for estimating the diagnostic probabilities. In such a case in differential-diagnostic questionings can be proceeded from the equal probability of the diagnoses so that the probabilities obtained by means of computation are alone based on the sensitiveness of findings and not on subjective estimations. Combinations of findings (patterns of findings) of any kind taken from positive and negative findings can be analysed. The advantage consists above all in the fact that the sensitiveness of findings may be evaluated controllable, reproducible and independent of the subjective experience. In addition to this there is a theoretical advantage that the process of the diagnostic decision becomes better understandable. Nevertheless it is to be emphasized that diagnostic decisions finally are based on subject-specific interpretations of the findings and formal criteria deliver only additional aids of decision.

[General viewpoints in evaluating findings and making diagnostic decisions]. / Allgemeine Gesichtspunkte der Befundbewertung und der diagnostischen Entscheidungen.

The process of diagnosis consists of establishment of findings, interpretation of findings and diagnostic decision. The general situation concerning decision is characterized by the fact that incorrect decisions may appear by falsely positive and falsely negative findings. On this assumption a diagnosis can only be confirmed with certain probability or excluded. Unequivocal decisions may be regarded as borderline cases of this situation concerning the decision. Their prerequisites are explained with the help of four-field table and diagrams belonging to this. If these conditions are not given, so that only a probable diagnosis can be made, then the indexes allow of an estimation of the degree of certainty of the evidence. By means of statistical models helps for decision can be obtained. The example of the Bayes-theorem is illustrated with the help of diagrams. In recent years another approach gathers momentum. The methods in question are so-called unclear approaches of the analysis of processes. They essentially support themselves on assessments by experts and on a programmed approach.

[Actual and theoretical points of view in the application of coronary therapeutic agents]. / Aktuelle klinische und theoretische, Gesichtspunkte der Anwendung von Koronartherapeutika.

The medicamentous therapy of the angina pectoris vera and of the chronic ischaemic heart disease is at present based on three groups of medicaments: nitrate compounds, beta-blocking agents and calcium antagonists. The underlying therapeutic principle which is common for them consists in the reduction of the oxygen requirement of the myocardium so that an improvement of the complaints and a larger load capacity may be achieved. The improvement may be objectified also at the behaviour of the haemodynamics and the ECG under load. The so-called coronary dilating remedies and the beta-stimulators did not prove clinically. In the acute attack rapidly acting nitroglycerin compounds remain the remedies of choice. Also the permanent treatment should at first again use longer acting nitrate preparations. When despite a sufficient dosage no satisfying improvement takes place an additional prescription of beta-blocking agents is recommended. Calcium antagonists are suitable particularly for the vasospastic form of the angina pectoris. They can be used also as basis medicaments, however, according to the hitherto yielded experiences they do not possess any advantages in contrast to the proved nitrates and beta-blocking agents. When apart from the ischaemic heart disease a hypertension exists, the beta-blocking agents are particularly indicated. This is further important for certain forms of tachycardiac disturbances of rhythm, which partly also well response to calcium antagonists. In patients with disturbances of conduction (sinus node and atrioventricular nodes, bifascicular block) beta-blocking agents are contraindicated. If there are no signs of cardiac decompensation and radiologically the heart proves to be normally large, so there is no indication for the prescription of glycosides.

[Theoretical viewpoints of coronary hemodynamics relative to the localization of arterial stenoses and the collateral function with special reference to the so-called steal effect]. / Theoretische Gesichtspunkte der koronaren Hämodynamik in Abhängigkeit von der Lokalisation arterieller Stenosierungen und der Kollateralenfunktion unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des sog. Steal-Effektes.

1. On a simple branched model of the vascular system is deduced that the restriction of the reserve of blood supply (coronary reserve) occurring in arterial constrictions depends not only on the degree of constrictions, but also on their type of distribution, by means of which peculiarities of the univascular diseases in contrast to the multivascular diseases are the result. 2. Constrictions further the formation of the collateral circulation, the size of which in the same initial pressure increases with the degree of constriction and the decrease of the peripheral resistance. 3. The effects of the collateral circulation are fully different for proximally and distally localized stenoses. Proximal stenoses lead the collateral circulation in direction to the narrowed area, peripheral narrowings of the circulation, however, to the counter-direction. 4. A Steal effect is possible only in peripheral narrowings of the circulation. Its haemodynamic conditions are described in detail. 5. As haemodynamic explanation for the positive dipyridamol test the hypothesis arises that it might refer to remarkable peripheral constrictions. 6. The application of vasodilators is from the haemodynamic point of view indicated above all in proximal constrictions, when distally from this there are interarterial anastomoses. Repression is necessary in peripheral narrowings, when their reserve of blood supply is already consumed by vasodilatation. In these cases is to be reckoned with a Steal effect.

[Case contribution to the question of side effects in the dipyridamol test]. / Kasuistischer Beitrag zue Frage der Nebenwirkungen beim Dipyridamol-Test.

Report on a case with disturbance of the cardiac rhythm (atrioventricular dissociation with ventricular extrasystoles) in connection with a dipyridamol test which regressed under therapy with euphyllin. This observation supports the demand of a continuous control of the ECG when the test is performed.

[Theory and critical aspects of the so-called steal effect of coronary dilators of the dipyridamole type]. / Zur Theorie und Kritik des sog. Steal-Effektes durch Koronardilatatoren vom Typ des Dipyridamols.

The stenocardias appearing in the dipyridamol test are explained by the hypothesis of a steal effect. This notion is, concerning its contents, to be demarcated against other regulatory processes. With the help of a simple model can be made clear that the thesis of a steal effect stands in contradiction to haemodynamic basic conceptions and cannot be used for the explanation of the paradoxical effect of dipyridamol.

[The current clinical importance of corrected orthogonal derivations]. / Zur gegenwärtigen klinischen Bedeutung korrigierter orthogonaler Ableitungen.

According to the theorectical basic conception corrected orthogonal derivations restrict themselves to the selective establishment of the dipol proportion of the cardio-electric field of the body surface. In contrast to this the 12 conventional derivations give a more comprehensive information which in the precordial region also includes non-dipolar field proportions. There is not infrequently the requirement of supplementing this conventional routine programme with the help of further derivations, since also by partly redundant informations the certainty of diagnostic decisions may be increased and circumscribed alterations of the field may become comprehensible. According to recent knowledge the offer of informations which smaller for the routine form of the ECG-evaluation may be extensively redeemed by the calculation of vectorial sizes, which presumes the machine evaluation of the ECG. Also the most trained imaginative faculty is not able to estimate more exactly the course of the vector loops from the 3 corrected derivations. As long as the economical and technical problems including the evaluation programmes for a machine processing of the ECG are not solved, the corrected derivations are of no clinical importance. Their use is restricted to only few centres interested in science.

[Investigations of the reaction kinetics in the formation of 7-chloro-2N-nitrosomethylamino-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide (author's transl)]. / Reaktionskinetische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von 7-Chlor-2N-nitrosomethylamino-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-4-oxid

The influence of alcohol, ascorbic acid, phenol and thiocyanic acid on the formation of N-nitrosochlordiazepoxide from chlordiazepoxide and nitrous acid was investigated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.