Diverse biomodulatory effects of glucomannan from Candida utilis.

Using four experimental model systems, it was demonstrated that glucomannan (GM) isolated from the cell wall of the industrial yeast Candida utilis revealed a broad range of protective activities. This effect depended on the nature and mode of action of the counteracting genotoxic compound as well as on the experimental model system used. In the Saccharomyces bioprotectivity assay, GM increased resistance towards ofloxacin-induced toxicity in the wild type and recombination repair-deficient yeast strains significantly enhancing survival of the cells. In the chromosomal aberration assay, GM exerted anticlastogenic effect against maleic hydrazide induced clastogenicity in Vicia faba L. In the DNA-topology assay, GM protected plasmid DNA from the breaks induced by Fe(2+) ions, but enhanced damage induced by bleomycin and hydrogen peroxide. In the cell-revitalization assay, it enhanced cytotoxic/cytostatic effect of teniposide applied to mouse leukemia cells. Thus, depending on the experimental model, GM acted as antimutagen, anticlastogen, DNA breaks inhibitor or inducer, and as cytotoxic/cytostatic effect enhancer. Several possible mechanisms of bioprotective action underlying the observed activities are suggested including iron chelation and free radical scavenging. The results imply that GM is a polysaccharide with marked biological activities and suggest its potential biomedical application, especially in combination with other bioactive compounds.

The role of natural biopolymers in genotoxicity of mutagens/carcinogens elimination.

Nowadays naturally occurring compounds with the potential antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects are of great importance for their prospective use in cancer chemoprevention and treatment. The new water soluble derivative of microbial polysaccharide beta-D-glucan-carboxymethyl glucan (CMG) belongs to such a category of natural substances. CMG isolated from the cell wall of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is included into the class of biopolymers known as biological response modifiers (BRMs) with a broad range of activities, above all ones interfering with cancer therapy. It was demonstrated on four experimental model systems that biological and consequential medicinal importance of CMG is based on the combined application with another active compound. In the Saccharomyces cerevisiae antimutagenicity assay CMG significantly reduced ofloxacin-induced mutagenicity in the yeast strain D7. CMG exerted bioprotective (anti-toxic and antimutagenic) effect after its simultaneos application with methyl methanesulphonate on the repair-deficient strain uvs10 of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In the Vicia sativa simultaneous phytotoxicity and anticlastogenicity assay CMG exerted statistically significant anticlastogenic efect against maleic hydrazide-induced clastogenicity in Vicia sativa L. Only in the Salmonella/microsome assay CMG did not exert statistically significant antigenotoxic effect, despite of the fact that it reduced 9-aminoacridine-induced mutagenicity in S. typhimurium TA97, but his(+) revertants decreasing was statistically significant only at the highest CMG concentration used. The data presented unambiguously documented that even biopolysaccharides (e.g., derivatives of beta-glucan) belonging to the most abundant class of natural biopolymers may contribute to cancer prevention and therapy.

Antimutagenic potential of homoisoflavonoids from Muscari racemosum.

The potential antimutagenic effect of the plant extract of Muscari racemosum bulbs, rich on 3-benzylidene-4-chromanones, was evaluated on three genetic model organisms. The mixture of three homoisoflavonoids was applied together with diagnostic mutagens in the Ames assay on four bacterial strains Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, in the toxicity and mutagenicity/antimutagenicity assay on the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7, and in the simultaneous phytotoxicity and clastogenicity/anticlastogenicity assay on Vicia sativa (L.). The extract exerted antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effects due to the presence of homoisoflavonoids, which may be included in the group of natural antimutagens. This genotoxicological study suggests that homoisoflavonoids from M. racemosum (L.) owing to antimutagenic and anticlastogenic properties are of great pharmacological importance, and might be beneficial for prevention of cancer.