Common-mode rejection in Martin-Puplett spectrometers for astronomical observations at millimeter wavelengths.

The Martin-Puplett interferometer (MPI) is a differential Fourier transform spectrometer that measures the difference between spectral brightness at two input ports. This unique feature makes the MPI an optimal zero instrument, able to detect small brightness gradients embedded in a large common background. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the common-mode rejection achievable in the MPI at millimeter wavelengths, and discuss the use of the instrument to measure the spectrum of cosmic microwave background anisotropy.

Tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor therapy and rehabilitation for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the evidence for a synergistic effect of combining rehabilitation with biological anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: Data were analysed to identify the most effective rehabilitation programmes, the best endpoints for effectiveness, and patient subgroups most likely to benefit from combination therapy. Systematic MEDLINE and Embase searches were performed to identify studies evaluating rehabilitation programmes and biological therapy in patients with AS. Evidence was categorised by study type, and efficacy, adverse effects and other outcomes were summarised. RESULTS: Of the 75 studies identified, 13 investigated the combination of a rehabilitation programme with TNF inhibitor therapy, while the remainder studied rehabilitation with standard therapy (often not specified). Data from these few studies suggest that combined rehabilitation plus anti-TNF therapy is more effective in terms of symptom severity, disease activity, disability and quality-of-life indices versus biologic alone or rehabilitation with standard medical therapy, or, in non-comparative studies, compared with baseline. The most effective rehabilitation appears to be supervised or in-patient programmes with an educational component. Available data do not provide guidance on most appropriate endpoints or identify patients most likely to benefit from combination therapy. Combined, TNF inhibitor and rehabilitation therapy appear to have a synergistic effect, possibly due to increased adherence to exercise. Exercise regimes are more effective if supervised and include an education component. CONCLUSIONS: Further randomized, controlled trials comparing endpoints and investigating longer-term benefits of combining TNF inhibitors with rehabilitation in different AS subgroups are needed.

Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy and changes of flow-mediated vasodilatation in psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis patients.

For a long time, the endothelial covering of the vessels has been considered an inert surface. On the contrary, the endothelial cells are active and dynamic elements in the interaction between blood and tissues. The control of the vessel basal tone is obtained by the complex balance between the relaxing and contracting endothelial factors. Previous clinical studies show that patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune rheumatologic pathologies are at high risk of death being prematurely affected by atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Blocking tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by biological drugs improves the endothelial function. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of two anti-TNF-α drugs (infliximab and etanercept) on the endothelial function by evaluating the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), which was measured in the brachial artery before and after treatment and after 8-12 weeks. We enrolled 36 patients (average age 52 ± 9.8 years, 12 men and 24 women), 25 of them were affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 11 were affected by psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and they were divided into three groups: 10 patients were treated with etanercept, 13 patients were treated with infliximab, 13 patients were treated with DMARDs. We measured the common carotid intimal-medial thickness (ccIMT) and the endothelial function was evaluated by FMD measurement in the brachial artery, before treatment, 1 h after the beginning of treatment and after 8-12 weeks. No statistically significant difference between the three groups was found for the ultrasonographic evaluation of the carotid IMT. On the contrary, the differences between FMD values before and after the treatment in the patients treated with etanercept (13.1 ± 0.01 vs. 18.8 ± 0.01%, p < 0.01) and in the patients treated with infliximab (11.8 ± 0.09 vs. 16.7 ± 0.09%, p < 0.01) were statistically significant. Long-term evaluation for infliximab and etanercept was performed by comparing the FMD values, respectively, 8 and 12 weeks after the first treatment. After 8 weeks, FMD value was similar to the value recorded at enrollment in the infliximab group (11.9 ± 0.03 vs. 13.54 ± 0.04%, p = 0.236) and the FMD values in the etanercept group after 12 weeks showed a not statistically significant reduction of vasodilatating effect (13.01 ± 0.03 vs. 15.67 ± 0.02%, p = 0.197). In conclusion, the use of biological drugs in patients affected by autoimmune arthritis can modify the endothelial function, as indicated by the induced FMD changes, but the long-term effect tends to be considerably reduced.

Prevalence of stroke and stroke-related disability in Valle d'Aosta, Italy.

Population ageing and improved healthcare may lead to an increase in the prevalence of stroke. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of stroke and stroke-related disability in a population sample resident in Aosta, Italy. The information was collect using a simple questionnaire for first ever stroke in the past combined with the analysis of the patients' medical records and integrated with the information reported by six general practitioners. 102 cases of stroke were identified in the study population of 6,930 subjects, for an overall prevalence per 1,000 inhabitants of 1.4 (95% CI 0.81-1.99), which increased to 4.79 (95% CI 3.29-6.29) in subjects aged >or= 65 years. Fifty-nine percent of the cases were completely or partially dependent (Rankin scores of 2-5). At the time of interview, 72% were living at home. Our data do not reveal any increase in the prevalence of stroke, possibly because of a reduced incidence of the disease.

[Case report: RAEB in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate and infliximab]. / Anemia refrattaria con eccesso di blasti (AREB) in paziente con artrite reumatoide in trattamento con methotrexate ed infliximab: descrizione di un caso clinico.

Anti TNF-alpha drugs seem to be the new frontier of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) therapy. The association infliximab methotrexate has been approved for the treatment of RA not responding to the classic therapy, but the short clinical experience in using antiTNF-alpha molecules brings to segnalation of new risks or adverse events. We describe a case of a patient, treated for many years with classic RA therapy, which developed a refractory anemia after treatment with association infliximab-methotrexate.