ABSTRACT
Considering the importance of a healthy uterus to the success of breeding, the beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria on animal reproduction function are of particular interest. In recent decades, infertility has become a widespread issue, with microbiological variables playing a significant role. According to reports, dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota is connected with infertility; however, the effect of the normal vaginal microbiota on infertility is unknown. In addition, lactic acid bacteria dominate the reproductive system. According to evidence, vaginal lactic acid bacteria play a crucial role in limiting the invasion of pathogenic bacteria by triggering anti-inflammatory chemicals through IL-8, IL-1, and IL-6; immunological responses through inhibition of the adherence of other microorganisms, production of inhibiting substances, and stimulation of mucus production; and also reproductive hormones by increased testosterone hormone release, enhanced the levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, the amount of prostaglandin E (2), and prostaglandin F2 alpha. The objective of this study was to compare the advantages of lactic acid bacteria in animal reproduction based on the most recent literature. The administration of a single strain or numerous strains of lactic acid bacteria has a favourable impact on steroidogenesis, gametogenesis, and animal fertility.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Physiological skin pH levels are well-documented in human medicine, and assessment of variations may be important in assessing the efficacy of wound healing. By contrast, physiological skin pH levels in dogs are sparsely described. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine the pH of intact skin in healthy dogs and to study the influence of different physiological factors on the pH level of canine skin. ANIMALS: Seventy-seven client-owned dogs of various breeds, age and sex. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A prospective study was designed and the pH of intact skin was measured at the concave surface of both pinnae, and in both axillary and inguinal regions. For each location, the colour and density of the hairs also was recorded. Each dog's rectal body temperature and body condition scores also were determined. RESULTS: The skin pH in dogs <12 weeks of age was significantly lower (3.97-5.70) than in older dogs (4.40-8.18) (P < 0.001). In dogs >12 weeks of age, skin pH was significantly lower in the inguinal regions compared to the pinnae (P = 0.008), and female dogs had a significantly lower skin pH in the inguinal regions than male dogs (P = 0.043). Pinnae covered with light-coloured hair had a lower skin pH than those with dark-coloured hair (P = 0.04). No significant differences were found between dogs with different body condition scores, body temperatures or differences in hair density. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The pH of intact healthy skin is lower in puppies of <12 weeks of age. Regional differences of body location also were seen which were variably affected by hair colour and sex. A baseline assessment of skin pH in healthy dogs is important for future studies of disease and wound healing.
