ABSTRACT
Deaths from non-communicable diseases are increasing worldwide. Low and middle-income countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), are projected to see the most rapid increase over the next two decades. While non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease increasingly contribute to mortality in SSA, communicable diseases such as malaria and HIV/AIDS remain major causes of death in this region, leading to a double burden of disease. In this paper, we use World Health Organization data and life table techniques to: (1) delineate the magnitude and toll of the double burden of disease in four SSA countries: Ghana, Gabon, Botswana, and Kenya, and (2) scrutinize assumptions linking changes in disease patterns to economic development and modernization. Our findings suggest that non-communicable and communicable diseases warrant equal research attention and financial commitment in pursuit of health equity.
Subject(s)
Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Cost of Illness , Health Equity , Health Status Disparities , Adolescent , Adult , Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To examine race differences in how generalized mistrust, mistrust in physicians, and mistrust in psychiatric medication shape the willingness to utilize psychiatric medication. METHODS: Data was used from two waves (1998 and 2006) of the U.S. General Social Survey a representative sample of non-institutionalized Americans. We analyzed data for 343 African American and 1,920 white adults, ages 18-89. The data included measures of the respondents' willingness to utilize psychiatric medication as well as measures of generalized mistrust, mistrust in physicians, and mistrust in psychiatric medication. We employed ordinary least squares regression to test whether these three forms of mistrust reduce the black-white gap in psychiatric drug usage and whether race moderates the association between any type of mistrust and the willingness to endorse psychiatric medication utilization. RESULTS: Mistrust in physicians and psychiatric medication is related to less willingness to utilize psychiatric medicines for both African Americans and whites; however, paradoxically, these forms of mistrust decrease psychiatric drug usage more steeply for whites. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of findings in this study suggests that trust or low levels of mistrust, rather than high levels of mistrust, actually maintains the black-white difference in the use of psychiatric medication.
