Knowledge and management of WEEE by independent repairers in the city of Bouake in a context of health and environmental risk, 2022

Studies on waste management in Côte d'Ivoire are mostly focused on household and solid waste. It is appropriate to take a sustained look at the management of electrical and electronic equipment waste to better guide policies in this area. This work is a cross-sectional study covering the period from April 1, 2022 to June 30, 2022. The aim was to determine the knowledge and practices of the independent electrical and electronic repairers of the city of Bouaké in terms of electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) management. A comprehensive sample of 307 people was interviewed by means of a questionnaire. The repairers interviewed had already heard of WEEE in 47.2% of cases. They had a good level of knowledge of WEEE in 85.5% of cases. In the final model in multivariate analysis, only the possession of a radio set at home had a significant influence on knowledge of WEEE. Repairers were unaware of the existence of D3E management legislation in 60.7% of cases; apart from humans (84.8%) who were most exposed to the dangers of inappropriate management of WEEE, other entities (air, soil, water, animals) would be polluted according to 36.6, 35.2, 4.1, and 3.4% of repairers, respectively. The most feared type of harm reported is injury (95.65%). Subjects dumped WEEE in a municipal landfill in 32.4% of cases. Sale, empowerment of pre-collection agents, and handing over to a recycling professional, cumulatively represent the most common practice (66.9%).

Effects of climatological parameters in modeling and forecasting seasonal influenza transmission in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.

BACKGROUND: In temperate regions, influenza epidemics occur in the winter and correlate with certain climatological parameters. In African tropical regions, the effects of climatological parameters on influenza epidemics are not well defined. This study aims to identify and model the effects of climatological parameters on seasonal influenza activity in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. METHODS: We studied the effects of weekly rainfall, humidity, and temperature on laboratory-confirmed influenza cases in Abidjan from 2007 to 2010. We used the Box-Jenkins method with the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) process to create models using data from 2007-2010 and to assess the predictive value of best model on data from 2011 to 2012. RESULTS: The weekly number of influenza cases showed significant cross-correlation with certain prior weeks for both rainfall, and relative humidity. The best fitting multivariate model (ARIMAX (2,0,0) _RF) included the number of influenza cases during 1-week and 2-weeks prior, and the rainfall during the current week and 5-weeks prior. The performance of this model showed an increase of >3 % for Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and 2.5 % for Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) compared to the reference univariate ARIMA (2,0,0). The prediction of the weekly number of influenza cases during 2011-2012 with the best fitting multivariate model (ARIMAX (2,0,0) _RF), showed that the observed values were within the 95 % confidence interval of the predicted values during 97 of 104 weeks. CONCLUSION: Including rainfall increases the performances of fitted and predicted models. The timing of influenza in Abidjan can be partially explained by rainfall influence, in a setting with little change in temperature throughout the year. These findings can help clinicians to anticipate influenza cases during the rainy season by implementing preventive measures.

[Assessment of measles diagnostic from gingival fluid in Côte d'Ivoire]. / Évaluation du diagnostic de la rougeole à partir des fluides gingivaux en Côte d'Ivoire.

After the adoption of the Global Initiative for Measles Elimination in 2001, Côte d'Ivoire has created monitoring case by case. Thus, the diagnosis of measles from the gingival fluid was implemented, through a pilot project. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of this diagnostic test. We conducted a cross-sectional survey, in four health districts of Abidjan, during a period from July 2010 to December 2012. The study consisted in collecting gingival fluid and serum samples in all suspected measles children. These samples were analyzed by ELISA test at Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire. Standard formulas were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of oral fluid compared to serum taken as the "gold standard" and confidence intervals were estimated with error alpha risk (α =0.05). The concordance of kappa coefficient (k) was used to estimate agreement level between the results of oral fluid analysis and those of serum. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 98% and 82% respectively while the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 84% and 98%. The comparison of oral fluid with the reference test showed high agreement, between 0.61 and 0.80. The diagnostic test on gingival fluid is acceptable because its sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value had high level. Therefore it can be extended to all sanitary districts.

[Description of sexual practices of women who have sex with other women to HIV / AIDS in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)]. / Description des pratiques sexuelles des femmes ayant des rapports sexuels avec d'autres femmes face au VIH/sida à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire).

The response to HIV must be based on all situations of risk and vulnerability related to sexual behavior. Sexual practices of women who have sex with other women to HIV described in his study come within this framework. This transversal and descriptive study on the sexual practices of 150 women who have sex with other women to HIV was conducted from July to September 2010 in Abidjan. Mean age of the respondents was 26.6 years. Among them, 21.3% was illiterate, 41.4% had no earned income and 57.3% was Christians. At the time of data collection, the majority (70.7%) did not know their HIV status. The analysis of sexual practices has found 13.3% of lesbians, bisexual, 36% and 50.7% of women who say they are lesbian even if they have had sex with men. Women who have sex with other women had sexual risk behavior. It was mostly the non-systematic use of the condom during sexual relation (60%). Among the 26.7% of respondents who had lesbian practices with penetration, 40% took no precaution to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Taking into account these results could help to develop specific strategies to promote responsible sexual practices among women who have sex with other women.

[Beriberi, recurrent nutritional disease in a detention house in Côte-d'Ivoire]. / Le béribéri, maladie nutritionnelle récurrente en milieu carcéral en Côte-d'Ivoire.

As a re-emerging disease, beriberi caused by a lack of thiamine in food threatens more and more prisons in developing countries. Indeed in 2008, a beriberi epidemic occurred in a detention house of Côte-d'Ivoire called Maca. The goal of our retrospective investigation was to describe this epidemic in order to improve prisoners' health. The study related to 131 subjects, 64% of cases affected (N = 205). The total rate of beriberi attack was estimated at 38.6‰. The mean age was 33; all patients were male and they were detained in "Batiment C" (70.2%), synonymous with heavy punishment. They spent about 28.1 month in Maca. The clinical symptoms were neurological signs (swarming: 41%) and cardiovascular signs (dyspnoea: 42%, thoracic pain: 35%). Half of the patients (51%) presented oedemas of the lower limbs. The rate of healing was about 97% when patients followed treatment. Providing good nutrition to the prisoners and the distribution of vitamin complements will avoid other epidemics.

[Resurgence of yellow fever epidemics in Côte-d'Ivoire]. / Résurgence des épidémies de fièvre jaune en Côte-d'Ivoire.

Resurgence of yellow fever epidemics in Côted'Ivoire remains a major problem of public health. To describe this disease through the early alarm system of National Institute of Public Hygiene (NIPH) is convenient to us. This is a cross-sectional study with descriptive aiming, which proceeded with epidemiological surveillance service of NIPH. The data were collected over 7 years (from 2001 to 2007), starting from the cards of notification, reports, and registers of the service. The main findings of our study are that: 1) we listed 1468 suspect cases including 41 confirmed and the lethality rate was 17.07% among the confirmed cases; 2) most cases of yellow fever were recorded between the years 2001 and 2007; 3) confirmed cases of yellow fever were above 15 years old in 83% of cases. This could be explained by absence of immunization during this age period; 4) recrudescence of cases was observed during the rainy season (June-July and September-October) and the principal vector was Aedes aegypti; 5) data analysis revealed a mean level of 79% for completude and 57%for promptitude of notification; these rates are inferior to WHO norms and; 6) average time of vaccine response post-epidemic was 31 days. Late response is due to difficulties in supplying vaccines. Reinforcement of epidemiological surveillance, prevention by mass immunization, and measurements of hygiene and cleansing are essential to slow down the evolution of this disease.

[Side infection during HIV/AIDS at Trechville university health center (CHU)]. / Infections opportunistes au cours du Sida au CHU de Treichville.

To highlight the main sides infections and their progress with HIV sick people selected in the inner health department of the CHU of Treichville, Abidjan, a retrospective survey was carried out from the files of sick people over 30 months of period; from January 1, 1999 through July 15, 2001. 279 patients (143 males and 136 females) where involved; 382 side infections where found out and the most frequent were: tuberculosis (28.3%), fungous infection (26.7%), gastro-enteritis.7%) and brain toxoplasmosis (15%). The lethal rates were respectively 16.6% for tuberculosis, 51.6 for gastroenteritis, 66.7% for neuro-meningeal Cryptococcus and 68.1% for brain toxoplasmosis. The impact of side infections on the progress of HIV/AIDS requires a preventive type of rallying as therapeutic progress is still unreachable for developing countries, which are the most affected by the HIV epidemics.

[Impact of aerial mosquito control on populations of Aedes aegypti in two communities of Abidjan]. / Impact de la demoustication sur les populations d'Aedes aegypti de deux communes de la ville d'Abidjan.

INTRODUCTION: From May 2nd to 13th 1997, an aerial mosquito control took place in Abidjan. This mosquitoes control has been undertaken by the municipality. He made two Ultra Low Volume (ULV) applications of d eltamethrine (K O thrineR). The second application took place one week after the first one. Each application used 2g per ha of deltamethrine diluted with gasoil. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We evaluated the impact of this mosquitoes control on Aedes aegypti populations in two districts : Port-Bouët and Yopougon. We compared the bite number per person and per day obtained by catching mosquitoes on human from 16 pm to midnight. RESULTS: We thus captured 308 females of mosquitoes with 33% of Aedes aegypti representing 5.58 bites per person and per day in Port-Bouët and 2.5 bites per person and per day in yopougon. We noticed that 49% of Aedes aegypti live and bite inside. The bite number per person and per day has been reduce to 37.5% after treatment in Port-Bouët and to 66% in Yopougon. But we noted that five days after treatment the bite number per person and per day was the same level before the treatment. Aerial application of insecticide has more impact on Aedes aegypti population biting outside than the population biting inside. CONCLUSION: Aerial application of insecticide reduces the bite number of mosquitoes per person and per day and in particular of Aedes aegypti but this reduction does not last long. This reduction is better on outside population than the inside one; so bio ecology studies are required before aerial application of insecticide.

[Detection and management of the yellow fever epidemic in the Ivory Coast, 2001]. / Detection et gestion de l'epidemie de fievre jaune en Cote d'Ivoire, 2001.

From March to December 2001, an outbreak of yellow fever was observed in Cote d'Ivoire. Sentinel surveillance for hemorrhagic fever allowed detection of the first case in the Duekoue health district in the heavily wooded western part of the country. A weekly reporting system was established. For each suspected case recorded and reported to the Epidemiological Surveillance Department at the National Institute of Public Hygiene, a sample was collected and sent for confirmation at the Pasteur Institute of the Cote d'Ivoire. The outbreak progressed from West to East reaching Abidjan, the economic capital of the country located in the southeast. The epidemic emergency plan consisted of setting up a crisis committee to implement epidemiological, entomological and virological surveillance, mass vaccination campaigns in areas around confirmed cases, and vector control. A total of 280 cases were reported including 32 confirmed cases and 6 deaths. Eleven out of 62 districts were affected with most cases occurring in cities with more than 10000 inhabitants. Over 3.7 million persons were vaccinated for an overall coverage of 92.2% in the areas where campaigns were carried out. As a result of this outbreak, surveillance for potentially epidemic diseases has been reinforced and surveillance of viral transmission is now being considered. A vaccination program for adults has also been established.