La influencia de la orientación sexual de hombres y mujeres en las características acústicas de las vocales del español: un estudio vocálico comparativo / The influence of men and women sexual orientation on the acoustic features of Spanish vowels: a comparative vocalic study

Históricamente se han asociado, desde posiciones más bien intuitivas, ciertas características de habla con la identidad de comunidades con una orientación sexual no heterosexual, espacio desde el cual también se configuran factores que emanan desde el binarismo de lo masculino y lo femenino. A partir de la década de 1990, la comunidad científica se ha empeñado en dilucidar cuáles son dichas características prosódicas, articulatorias, acústicas y lingüísticas que poseen los hablantes con una preferencia sexual más diversa. El propósito del artículo es determinar las características acústicas de las vocales del español de Chile(/i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/) presentes en palabras aisladas, leídas en voz alta por hablantes heterosexuales y homosexuales de ambos sexos para establecer cuáles son las características que los identifican, organizando los datos obtenidos por orientación sexual. El método adoptado incluyó lectura en voz alta, aplicación de exclusiones, relación de datos y análisis estadístico de algunos de ellos. En términos generales, no existen marcadores acústicos vocálicos definidos que permitan diferenciar la orientación sexual de hombres y mujeres. Se requiere considerar otro tipo de información lingüística para poder establecer dichas diferencias, si es que las hubiera...

Historically, from intuitive-oriented positions, certain features of speech have been associated with the identity of communities with a sexual orientation which is not heterosexual. In this respect, some factors are configured from the binary view of what is masculine and what is feminine. From the 1990s, thescientific community has tried to identify the prosodic, articulatory, acoustic and linguistic features which speakers with a different sexual preference have. The purpose of this study was to determine the acoustic characteristics of vowels ofChilean Spanish(/i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/) in single words, read aloud byheterosexual and homosexual speakers, of both genders. The method adopted included reading aloud, data relation, exclusion criteria application and statistical analysis of some data. In general, there are no defined vocalic-acoustic markers to distinguish the sexual orientation of men and women. It is required to consider other linguistic information to establish differences...

Diagnóstico psicodinámico operacionalizado (OPD- 2): evaluación preliminar de la validez y confiabilidad inter-evaluador / Operationalized psychodynamic diagnosis (OPD- 2): preliminary assessment of its validity and inter-rater reliability

Introduction: OPD (Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis) is a recently introduced semi-structured and operationalized method of personality evaluation and diagnosis in developing countries. This preliminary report assess the impact of intensive training on OPD's criterion validity and inter rater reliability. Method: 15 psychotherapists recently introduced to OPD's theory and scoring procedures, rated a clinical interview during an 120 hours intensive training. Three months after training, they were asked to rate the same interview. Results: Concerning criterion validity, training does it impact on agreement with expert judgment, but it does on psychotherapeutic relevant items. Concerning inter-rater reliability our data matched already published studies, e.gr. inter-rater reliability of Axis I and IV improves significatively after training.

Introducción: El OPD (Diagnóstico Psicodinámico Operacionalizado) es un método semi-estructurado de evaluación y diagnóstico de personalidad, recientemente introducido en países desarrollados. Este reporte preliminar evalúa la validez de criterio y la confiabilidad inter -evaluador, a partir del impacto generado por un un entrenamiento intensivo en el uso del instrumento. Método: 15 psicoterapeutas recientemente introducidos a la teoría y al uso del OPD, evaluaron una entrevista clínica, mientras formaban parte de un entrenamiento de 120 horas. Tres meses después de finalizado el entrenamiento, se les pidió que volvieran a evaluar la misma entrevista. Resultados: De acuerdo a la validez de criterio externo el entrenamiento no impacta en el acuerdo con el evaluador experto, pero sí lo hace en los ítems psicoterapéuticamente relevantes. En relación a la confiabilidad inter-evaluador, los resultados se condicen con los estudios revisados en la literatura. Los resultados de la confiabilidad inter-evaluador del eje I y el eje IV se incrementan significativamente después del entrenamiento.

1-Alkyl-3-amino-5-aryl-1H-[1,2,4]triazoles: novel synthesis via cyclization of N-acyl-S-methylisothioureas with alkylhydrazines and their potent corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonist activities.

Cyclizations of alkylhydrazines with N-acyl-S-methylisothioureas, readily synthesized from acyl chlorides, sodium thioisocyanate, dialkylamines then methyl iodide in a one-pot reaction, gave 1-alkyl-3-dialkylamino-5-phenyltriazoles 7 as major products. The regioisomers were assigned through the use of NOE NMR experiments. While bearing a N-bis(cyclopropyl)methyl-N-propylamino group, this series of compounds shows very good binding affinity on the human CRF(1) receptor. Among them, 1-methyl-3-[N-bis(cyclopropyl)methyl-N-propylamino]-5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-[1,2,4]triazole 7a had the best binding affinity for the CRF(1) receptor (K(i)=9 nM).

Phosphonium salts exhibiting selective anti-carcinoma activity in vitro.

Tetraphenylphosphonium cation (TPP) and other phosphonium cations selectively inhibited the growth in vitro of human pancreatic carcinoma-derived cells (PaCa-2) and Ehrlich Lettre Ascites cells (ELA) when compared with untransformed monkey kidney epithelial cells (CV-1). In contrast, neither cisplatin nor cytosine arabinoside showed significant selectivity using these lines. Evidence is presented to support the conclusion that the carcinoma-selective antiproliferative activity of phosphonium salts is due to selective accumulation caused by the abnormally high membrane potentials in carcinoma cells. Inhibition of TPP uptake into PaCa-2 and ELA cells by potassium and (for PaCa-2) valinomycin demonstrates that higher membrane potentials account for the carcinoma-selective uptake and cytostatic selectivity of the cation. For TPP chloride and 16 other phosphonium chlorides with a variety of structures, selective inhibition of PaCa-2 growth relative to CV-1 was optimal for the eight falling in a narrow range of octanol/water partition coefficients (between 0.013 and 0.24). A similar optimal selectivity range was observed for ELA cells relative to CV-1. The relationship between partition coefficients and cytostatic selectivity suggests that the rates of diffusion across cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes are key factors in the structure/anticarcinoma selectivity relationship for delocalized phosphonium salts in vitro. The relationship could prove useful for the design of other carcinoma-selective delocalized cations.

Environment-selective synergism using self-assembling cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents.

Environment-selective synergistic toxicity using combinations of aldehydes and hydrazine derivatives was demonstrated in two different model systems in vitro. Combinations of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde with semi-carbazide and of 2-hydrazinopyridine with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, which can react in situ to form antimicrobial hydrazones, demonstrated greater degrees of synergism against the intracellular pathogen, Salmonella typhimurium, at pH 5 relative to pH 7.4. Combinations are more selectively toxic at pH 5 (vs pH 7.4) than individual precursors and preformed hydrazone products because acid catalysis of hydrazone formation plays a role only for the combinations. A combination of decanal and N-amino, N'-octylguanidine (AOG) exhibited more pronounced synergistic cytolytic activity against erythrocytes in 0% serum than in 1% serum. Serum protein binding of decanal inhibited the formation of the more cytotoxic hydrazone, N-decylidenimino,N'-1-octylguanidine (DIOG), from the less cytotoxic AOG and decanal, and serum protein binding of DIOG prevented this cytotoxin from reaching the cell membrane. Because decanal binding cannot play a role in the cytotoxicity of preformed DIOG, it was less selective for cells in 0% serum than the combination of AOG and decanal. The pH 5 and 0% serum environments represent very simple models for macrophage phagolysosomal compartments and poorly vascularized solid tumor interiors respectively. If environment-selective synergism can be used as a basis for target-selective synergism in other in vitro model systems and in vivo, self-assembling combinations could provide a basis for rational introduction of target-selective synergism into chemotherapeutic drug design.

Polymyositis/dermatomyositis and pregnancy.

Eighteen women with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) were studied to determine the possible influences of pregnancy on the disease and the influence of the disease on pregnancy. Before the onset of PM/DM there were 77 pregnancies: 7 (9%) ended in abortion, 2 (2.5%) in perinatal deaths, with a total fetal loss of 11.5%. There were 3 (3.8%) premature newborns that survived. These figures are equivalent to those of the general population. There were 10 pregnancies in 7 patients coinciding with PM/DM, 1 of them with twins; 3 (30%) ended in abortion, 3 (25%) in perinatal deaths, with a total fetal loss of 55%, and 5 (50%) pregnancies ended prematurely. Four of the 7 women had onset of PM/DM during pregnancy, and 3 others with previously inactive disease had an exacerbation during pregnancy. There were no maternal deaths, nor was there any correlation between activity of PM/DM and fetal loss. These results together with those previously reported suggest that pregnancy in PM/DM should be considered high-risk for both the mother and the baby.