The prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococcus associated with bovine mastitis in China and its antimicrobial resistance rate: a meta-analysis.

To contribute to the treatment decision and optimize coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) control programs, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance rates of coagulase-negative staphylococcus associated with bovine mastitis in China. Three databases (PubMed, Google scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database) were utilized to obtain relevant publications. A total of 18 publications were included in our research, and 3 of them included antimicrobial resistant (AMR) test. The pooled prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococcus was 17.28%. Subgroup analysis revealed that the prevalence was higher in South China than in North China, was higher in 2011-2020 than in 2000-2010 and was higher in clinical bovine mastitis cases than in subclinical cases. The pooled AMR were most resistant to ß-lactams, followed by tetracyclines, quinolones, nitrofurans, lincosamides, sulfonamides, amphenicol and aminoglycosides. The pooled AMR rate of coagulase-negative staphylococcus was lower in 2011-2020 than in 2000-2010. Although the prevalence of CNS showed an increasing trend over 20 years, the AMR rate showed a decreasing trend, and the clinical type of mastitis was the most frequent and the prevalence was highest in South China. Finally, CNS was most resistant to ß-lactams amongst the eight groups of antimicrobial agents.

Compound Chinese medicine (F1) improves spleen deficiency diarrhea by protecting the intestinal mucosa and regulating the intestinal flora.

Compound Chinese medicine (F1) is a traditional prescription in Chinese medicine that is commonly used to treat spleen deficiency diarrhea (SDD). It has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in clinical practice. However, the precise mechanism by which it exerts its antidiarrheal effect is still unclear. This study aimed at investigating the antidiarrheal efficacy and mechanism of F1 on senna-induced secretory diarrhea (SDD). Senna was utilized to induce the development of a mouse model of senna-induced secretory diarrhea (SDD) in order to observe the rate of diarrhea, diarrhea index, blood biochemistry, and histopathological changes in the small intestine. Additionally, the levels of sodium and hydrogen exchange protein 3 (NHE3) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The impact of F1 on the senna-induced SDD mouse models was evaluated by monitoring changes in the gut microbiota through 16S rRNA (V3-V4) sequencing. The results demonstrated that F1, a traditional Chinese medicine, effectively increased the body weight of SDD mice and reduced the incidence of diarrhea and diarrhea index. Additionally, F1 restored liver and kidney function, reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in intestinal tissue, and promoted the growth of intestinal villi. Furthermore, F1 was found to enhance the expression of NHE3 and SCFAs. It also increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus species, while decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria and Shigella.

Prevalence and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats, Rats, and Chickens in Border Areas of Yunnan Province, China.

The objective of the present study was to determine the characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in cats, rats, and chickens in the border areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 259 samples was collected from 10 border areas in Yunnan Province including 94 cats, 58 rats, and 107 chickens. Samples were screened by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and the positive products were analyzed by multilocus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to determine the genotypes. Toxoplasma gondii deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected from 15.96% of 94 cats, 15.52% of 58 rats, and 6.54% of 107 chickens, respectively, and the average infection rate is 11.97%. Using the multilocus PCR-RFLP, we found that the genotype of T. gondii in cats and rats was ToxoDB#9. Because of low DNA concentration, no genotype was determined from chickens. These results fill the gaps of knowledge in the prevalence and genotype of T. gondii in the border areas of Yunnan Province and have implications for the better control of T. gondii infection in humans and animals.

First Report of Chlamydia Psittaci Seroprevalence in Black-headed Gulls (Larus Ridibundus) at Dianchi Lake, China.

Chlamydiosis is an important zoonosis which can transmit from birds to humans, and investigation first reported the seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) at the Dianchi Lake, China. A total of 1029 serum samples collected from black-headed gulls between 2012-2015 were analyzed. The gulls were randomly caught and blood collected at Dianchi Lake, China. All the samples were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to C. psittaci by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). In this survey, the total infection rate was 11.86% (122/1029). The results of the present survey documented the existence of relatively high C. psittaci seroprevalence in black-headed gulls, which have a potential risk to the wild bird health and human health. Comprehensive practical control approaches and measures should be executed.

Seroprevalence survey of avian influenza A (H5) in wild migratory birds in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China.

BACKGROUND: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a highly contagious disease which is a zoonotic pathogen of significant economic and public health concern. The outbreaks caused by HPAIV H5N1 of Asian origin have caused animal and human disease and mortality in several countries of Southeast Asia, such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. For the first time since 1961, this HPAIV has also caused extensive mortality in wild birds and has sparked debate of the role wild birds have played in the spread of this virus. Other than confirmed mortality events, little is known of this virus in wild birds. There is no report on the seroprevalence of avian influenza H5 infection in wild migratory birds in Yunnan Province. In this study we examined live wild birds in Yunnan Province for H5 specific antibody to better understand the occurrence of this disease in free living birds. METHODS: Sera from 440 wild birds were collected from in Kunming and Northern Ailaoshan of Yunnan Province, Southwestern China, and assayed for H5 antibodies using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. RESULTS: The investigation revealed that the seroprevalence of avian influenza H5 was as following: Ciconiiformes 2.6%, Strigiformes 13.04%, Passeriformes 20%, Cuculiformes 21.74%, Gruiformes 0%, Columbiformes 0%, Charadriiformes 0% and Coraciiformes 0%. Statistical analyses showed that there was a significant difference of prevalence between the orders (P < 0.01). Specific avian influenza H5 antibodies were detected in 23 of 440 (5.23%) sera. Mean HI titer 23 positive sera against H5 were 5.4 log2. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present survey indicated that the proportion of wild birds had previously infected AIV H5 at other times of the year. To our knowledge, this is the first seroprevalence report of avian influenza H5 infection in wild migratory birds in China' s southwestern Yunnan Province. The results of the present survey have significant public health concerns.

Identification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibitors through an oriented screening on natural products.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) is one of the most infectious diseases in the swine industry worldwide, causing big economic losses. Vaccines are major weapons against PRRSV, however, current available vaccines have several limitations. Developing chemical drugs as alternatives is required. On the basis of traditional medical knowledge, we purposely selected 15 natural products originated from Chinese herbs with anti-infectious effects. Their antiviral activities were evaluated by PRRSV-induced cytopathic effect(CPE) on MARC-145 cells and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assay. Compounds ethoxysanguinarine(EOSG) and atractylodinol were found to be the hits which could significantly reduce PRRSV-associated CPE with 50% inhibited concentration(IC50) values of 7.9 and 39.4 µmol/L, respectively. Meanwhile, compounds ethoxysanguinarine and atractylodinol significantly decreased mRNA expression of ORF7 gene in a dose-dependent manner. Study results suggest that compounds ethoxysanguinarine and atractylodinol may be useful anti-PRRSV drugs for swine industry or the hits for further lead optimization.

First report of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in peafowls in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China.

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite infecting almost all warm-blooded animals, including birds, with a worldwide distribution. Surveys of T. gondii infection in wild birds have been reported extensively in the world, but little is known of T. gondii infection in peafowls worldwide. This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in peafowls in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. METHODS: Sera from 277 peafowls, including 272 blue peafowls (Pavo cristatus) and 5 green peafowls (Pavo muticus) originated from two geographic areas in Yunnan Province were assayed for T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT). RESULTS: Specific T. gondii antibodies were detected in 35 of 277 (12.64%) peafowls (MAT titer ≥ 1:5). Seropositive birds were found in both species, 33 in 272 blue peafowls and 2 in 5 green peafowls. There was no significant difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between the adolescent birds (6.74%) and the adult birds (6.67%) (P > 0.05). The geographical origins of peafowls was found to be highly associated with T. gondii infection in the present study, a statistically significant difference in T. gondii seropositivity was observed between peafowls from Kunming (31.08%) and those from Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture (5.91%) (OR = 10.956, 95% CI = 1.632-73.545, P = 0.014). Statistical analyses showed that there were no significant interactions between ages and geographical origins of peafowls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present survey indicated that infection of peafowls with T. gondii is widespread in Yunnan Province, which has significant public health concerns and implications for prevention and control of toxoplamosis in this province. To our knowledge, this is the first seroprevalence report of T. gondii infection in China's southwestern Yunnan Province.