ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the role of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptors (GHBR) in hypnosis and analgesia induced by emulsiï¬ed inhalation anesthetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After having established the mice model of hypnosis and analgesia by intraperitoneal injections of appropriate doses of enï¬urane, isoï¬urane, or sevoï¬urane, we intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally injected different doses of NCS-382 (antagonist of GHBR) and, then, observed the effects on the sleeping time using awaken test and the pain threshold in hot-plate test (HPPT) using HPPT. RESULTS: In the awaken test, 1, 5, and 25 µg of NCS-382 (i.c.v.) signiï¬cantly decreased the sleeping time of the mice treated with the three emulsiï¬ed inhalation anesthetics mentioned above (p < 0.05 or 0.01). In the HPPT, 1, 5, and 25 µg of NCS-382 (intrathecally) did not affect the HPPT in conscious mice (p > 0.05); in contrast, 1, 5, and 25 µg of NCS-382 (intrathecally) signiï¬cantly decreased the HPPT of the mice treated with emulsiï¬ed inhalation anesthetics (p < 0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this study suggest that GHBR may be important targets for the hypnotic and analgesic effects induced by emulsiï¬ed enï¬urane, isoï¬urane, and sevoï¬urane.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Inhalation/pharmacology , Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , Animals , Benzocycloheptenes/pharmacology , Enflurane/pharmacology , Female , Hot Temperature/adverse effects , Isoflurane/pharmacology , Male , Methyl Ethers/pharmacology , Mice , Pain/drug therapy , Pain Threshold/drug effects , Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors , Sevoflurane , Sleep/drug effectsABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate immunostaining patterns for major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in different types of myopathies and to assess the diagnostic value of CD8/MHC-I complex for definite polymyositis. The study included 20 cases of definite polymyositis, 20 cases of dermatomyositis and 10 cases of dystrophies with muscle inflammation (inflammatory muscular dystrophy). Immunohistochemical staining with MHC-I antibody demonstrated the presence of MHC-I along the sarcolemma of scattered or small groups of non-necrotic fibres in both polymyositis and inflammatory muscular dystrophy, whereas intense sarcolemmal immunostaining for MHC-I was diffusely present in almost all fibres in dermatomyositis. Double immunofluorescence labelling for CD8 and MHC-I detected the CD8/MHC-I complex in 20% of polymyositis cases with mononuclear cell infiltrates. No CD8/MHC-I complex was found in the dermatomyositis or inflammatory muscular dystrophy cases. The results suggest that MHC-I detection alone cannot be used as a reliable diagnostic test to differentiate polymyositis from dystrophies with secondary muscle inflammation. The CD8/MHC-I complex, although showing high specificity, is neither a sensitive nor an easy-to-handle diagnostic test for polymyositis.
