ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Adequate pain control is critical to the management and recovery of acutely injured patients. Opioids are associated with various adverse effects, and drug overdose is the leading cause of injury-related death in the United States. We hypothesized that a multimodal pain management protocol would reduce opioid use while still optimizing pain control. METHODS: The study included the preanalysis (August 2017-September 2018) and postanalysis (October 2018-August 2019) of a multimodal pain management strategy implemented in hospitalized adult patients admitted to the trauma service at a single American College of Surgeons-verified level-1 trauma center. Patients less than 18 y of age, pregnant patients, or imprisoned patients were excluded. The primary endpoint was opioid prescription on discharge (morphine milligram equivalent [MME]). The secondary endpoints included inpatient MMEs, nonopioid adjunct use, and pain scores. Subgroup analysis evaluating opioid use based on Injury Severity Score groups (mild, moderate, or severe) and by the Abbreviated Injury Scale body region was performed. RESULTS: There were 1755 patients in the PRE group and 1723 patients in the POST group. MMEs prescribed on discharge decreased from median 15 (interquartile range: 37.5) to 1.2 (interquartile range: 22.5) (P < 0.001). More patients in the POST group were discharged opioid-free (44% versus 37%, P < 0.001). There was a significant increase in the use of all nonopioid pain medications. Pain scores did not change. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant decrease in discharge MMEs in mild and moderate Injury Severity Score groups and in all injured body regions except the chest. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a multimodal pain management protocol in trauma patients targeting scheduled nonopioid medications and patient education is feasible and is associated with reduced opioid amount prescribed on discharge, without compromising pain control.
