ABSTRACT
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has shown an alarming increase in North America and Europe since 1980, as has the incidence of reported metastases to the oral region. Consequently, it is important that head and neck health care specialists be familiar with recent epidemiological trends and the histologic and recent immunohistochemical advances in the diagnosis of this deadly malignancy. Histologic features are reviewed, and recent advances in the immunohistochemical differential diagnosis are detailed and illustrated in two cases. A panel of immunohistochemical stains is recommended, some or all of which may be useful to differentiate poorly differentiated or pseudoglandular hepatocellular carcinoma from other metastatic adenocarcinomas to the oral and maxillofacial region.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/secondary , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Mouth Neoplasms/secondary , Aged , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Europe , Fatal Outcome , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Liver Neoplasms/chemistry , Male , Mouth Neoplasms/chemistry , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , North AmericaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expression of human kallikrein 14 (KLK14) in salivary gland tumors. METHODS: A standard immunoperoxidase staining technique was used to assess the expression profile of KLK14 in normal salivary glands and tumors including pleomorphic adenoma (PA; n=17), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC; n=13) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC; n=9). Tumor stage, grade, patient age and gender, and site of occurrence were recorded. These clinical parameters were correlated with KLK14 levels in malignant tumors. The expression profiles for KLK3, 5, 6, 8 and 13 were also retrieved. RESULTS: Normal salivary glands, PA, ACC and MEC showed strong expression of KLK14 in ductal and non-ductal cells. Both PA and ACC showed higher KLK14 levels than normal glands and MEC tissues. There were no statistically significant associations between levels of KLK14 and clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in the levels of KLK14 suggest that KLKs may aid in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors. The coexpression of KLKs suggests their possible involvement in an enzymatic pathway activated in salivary gland. KLK14 may be a promising new biomarker in salivary gland tumors.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Kallikreins/metabolism , Salivary Gland Neoplasms/enzymology , Adenoma, Pleomorphic/diagnosis , Adenoma, Pleomorphic/enzymology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/enzymology , Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/enzymology , Case-Control Studies , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Reference Values , Salivary Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis , Salivary Glands/enzymologyABSTRACT
Essentially, sialoblastoma is a disease of infancy with the oldest case presenting at 4 years of age. About one third of pediatric sialoblastoma cases will have a cribriform growth pattern. No adult cases have been reported with a specific diagnosis of sialoblastoma. If even focal cribriforming were present, such cases have undoubtedly been diagnosed as adenoid cystic carcinoma. Such was the circumstance in the 3 adult tumors presented in this report. Each case, however, has the primitive histopathology with discrete nests of basaloid tumor cells, associated bilayered ductal structures and the fibromyxoid stroma characteristic for sialoblastoma with its resemblance to fetal salivary gland or salivary gland with arrested development. One key example has 28-year follow-up. Sialoblastoma, whether in a child or adult with or without a cribriform growth pattern, appears to have a more favorable prognosis than adenoid cystic carcinoma. Aspects of the histological differential diagnosis of these 2 tumors are discussed.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/pathology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/pathology , Palatal Neoplasms/pathology , Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology , Aged, 80 and over , Diagnosis, Differential , Facial Paralysis/etiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/complications , Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/complications , Palate, Hard/pathology , Parotid Neoplasms/complications , Parotid Neoplasms/pathology , Salivary Gland Neoplasms/complications , Salivary Glands, Minor/pathologySubject(s)
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/pathology , Mandibular Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The human kallikrein 8 protein (KLK8) is expressed in many normal tissues including esophagus, skin, testis, tonsil, kidney, breast, and salivary gland, and is found in biological fluids including breast milk, amniotic fluid, seminal fluid and serum. It has also been shown to be a biomarker and prognostic factor for breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether KLK8 is expressed in salivary gland tissues and salivary gland tumors (both benign and malignant), in order to compare normal with tumor tissues. Pleomorphic adenomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, polymorphous low grade adenocarcinomas, acinic cell carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas NOS of both minor and major salivary glands were examined. The results of this study indicate that most salivary gland tumors show high levels of expression of KLK8.
