Occurrence of dactylogyrid and gyrodactylid Monogenea on common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in the Southern Caspian Sea Basin.

In this study, we genetically characterised Monogenea found on common carp in Iran. In total, 5603 parasites were recovered from 112 fish. The parasites were first identified morphologically as Dactylogyrus extensus, D. anchoratus, D. vastator, D. minutus, D. achmerowi and Gyrodactylus sprostonae. Representative samples were then subjected to sequencing. This is one of the first studies which has provided both morphological and sequence data for Dactylogyrus spp. and G. sprostonae. Our findings provide a foundation for future research into the genetic make-up of these economically significant parasites and the establishment of effective strategies for their control and prevention in aquaculture systems.

The Effect of Vitamin D3 Alone and Mixed With IFN-γ on Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH Strain) Proliferation and Nitric Oxide (NO) Production in Infected Macrophages of BALB/C Mice.

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory interacelullar parasite that infects nucleated cells in its intermediate hosts. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin D3 on the multiplication of T. gondii in peritoneal macrophage of Balb/c mice and nitric oxide production by macrophages. METHODS: According to usage of vitamin D3 (one dose or seven doses) and INFγ in vitro and in vivo, this study was divided into four experiments. In all experiments, the macrophages were collected from peritoneum and cultured in RPMI-1640. Then the supernatants were collected after 24 h and their nitric oxide was measure. After 96 h, the macrophages were collected and stained and the number of tachyzoites was measured. RESULTS: The first experiment (the mice were infected with tachyzoites and after 2 h, got one dose vitamin D3 intraperitonealy) showed the best results. The mean of tachyzoites per macrophages was 2.37, and mean±SD of nitric oxide was 187.8±9. DISCUSSION: High-level production of nitric oxide may be related to the only one injection of vitamin D3. The injection in long time might suppress the immune system.