Mental health, functioning and quality of life between work in the office and work from home employees during first wave of COVID19 in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic early in 2020, period that governments imposed strict measures of social distancing to slow its transmission. However, most essential services remained open, and the work in the office faced a higher risk of infection compared to work in home. We compare the occurrence and potential determinants of mental health outcomes, functioning and quality of life in a sample of Brazilian individuals who worked from home and those who worked in the office during the first wave of COVID-19. METHODS: Data were collected during the first wave of COVID-19, using an online survey to assess sociodemographic and clinical variables, functioning (FAST-D), quality of life (EUROhisQOL), depression (PROMIS depression), anxiety (PROMIS anxiety), and stress symptoms (IES-R scale) in a huge sample consisted of individuals who worked in office (n=1685) and worked from home (n=1338). RESULTS: Analysis revealed that depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms were less prevalent in individuals who worked from home as well as they have higher functioning and quality of life than those worked in the office. Individuals who worked in the office were younger, more likely to be female, had lower household income level, low education levels and were more unmarried than the other group. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the notion of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in both work in the office and work from home; however, the group who worked from home seems to be more resilient with less psychiatric symptoms and better functioning.

Is (R)-ketamine a potential therapeutic agent for treatment-resistant depression with less detrimental side effects? A review of molecular mechanisms underlying ketamine and its enantiomers.

Approximately one-third of individuals with major depressive disorder are resistant to conventional antidepressants (i.e., monoamine-based therapies), and, even among respondents, a proper therapeutic effect may require weeks of treatment. Ketamine, a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers, (R)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine, is an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist and has been shown to have rapid-acting antidepressant properties in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although (R)-ketamine has a lower affinity for NMDAR, it presents greater potency and longer-lasting antidepressant properties, with no major side effects, than racemic ketamine or (S)-ketamine in preclinical findings. Thereby, ketamine and its enantiomers have not only an antagonistic effect on NMDAR but also a strong synaptogenic-modulatory effect, which is impaired in TRD pathophysiology. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding the modulation of neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neural network activity as putative mechanisms of these rapid-acting antidepressants, highlighting differences on intracellular signaling pathways of synaptic proteins such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, we discuss probable mechanisms involved in the side effects of ketamine and its enantiomers.

Validity and Reliability of the Digital Functioning Assessment Short Test (D-FAST) in the Brazilian Sample.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruptions in all aspects of daily functioning, from school and work to interactions with friends and family. The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) is an interviewer-administered scale validated in the psychiatric sample with no previous study assessing its validity and reliability in a digital format. Thus, we aimed to analyse the psychometric properties of the digital version of the FAST and understand the implications of COVID-19 and restrictive measures on functioning. Methods: Data were collected using an online survey. The psychometric properties of the digital FAST were assessed by confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and discriminant functional by cluster analysis in a community sample. Results: Out of the total sample, 2,543 (84.1%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 34.28 (12.46) years. The digital FAST retained the six factors structure observed in the original version, with Cronbach's alpha above 0.9. In addition, we showed evidence of discriminant validity by differentiating three clusters of psychosocial functioning. Clinical and demographic differences between groups explained, in part, the heterogeneity of functioning, thus providing support for the construct validity of the instrument. Conclusion: The digital FAST is a simple and easy-to-understand instrument that provides a multidimensional assessment of functioning without the need for an interviewer. Furthermore, our findings may help to better understand the psychosocial implications of the pandemic and the importance of planning specific interventions to rehabilitee the affected group.

A four-year follow-up survey of antimicrobial resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii complex from inpatients in Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the trends of antimicrobial resistance for Acinetobacter baumannii complex isolates recovered from inpatients over a 4-year follow-up survey. METHODS: A total of 659 A baumannii complex isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients in Porto Alegre and its metropolitan area, Southern Brazil, from 2017 to 2020. Susceptibility profile was determined for ampicillin/sulbactam, amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, minocycline, polymyxin B and tigecycline. RESULTS: Overall, PMB was the most active agent against the set of A baumannii isolates over the period. Although stable, a high resistance rate was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results shown the presence of an extensively-drug resistant A baumannii complex isolates over the past four years. Polymyxin B has been the only antimicrobial agent that remain with a good in vitro activity. Strict surveillance and infection control measures are mandatory.

O impacto da primeira onda da pandemia de Covid-19 na saúde mental de estudantes brasileiros / The impact of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of Brazilian students

Com a alta disseminação do novo coronavírus, foi necessário adotar intervenções de saúde pública com foco no distanciamento social para diminuir a transmissão do patógeno causador, o SARS-Cov-2. Contudo, essas medidas podem contribuir para o aumento do sofrimento emocional, gerando níveis mais elevados de ansiedade, depressão e estresse. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da pandemia de Covid-19 na saúde mental de estudantes brasileiros através de uma pesquisa levantamento de dados on-line. A pesquisa foi realizada durante o período da primeira onda da pandemia no Brasil. Foram avaliadas variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde mental, incluindo sintomas de depressão e ansiedade, e qualidade de vida em uma amostra final de 810 estudantes. Os sintomas psiquiátricos mais prevalentes foram ansiedade (89,5%), depressão (77,9%) e raiva (72,3%). Tempo de distanciamento social, idade e diagnóstico prévio de doenças psiquiátricas foram significativamente associados à maior gravidade dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. O alto grau de sofrimento emocional apresentado por essa amostra indica a necessidade de adotar estratégias que visem promover a saúde mental de estudantes, e proporcionar acompanhamento psicológico de alunos durante e após esse período crítico de isolamento social.(AU)

With the high spread of the new coronavirus, it was necessary to adopt public health interventions focused on social distancing to reduce the transmission of the causative pathogen, SARS-Cov-2. However, these measures can contribute to increased emotional distress, generating higher levels of anxiety, depression and stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of Brazilian students through an online data collection survey. The survey was carried out during the period of the first wave of the pandemic in Brazil. Sociodemographic, mental health (e.g., symptoms of depression and anxiety), and quality of life variables were evaluated in a final sample of 810 students. The most prevalent psychiatric symptoms were anxiety (89.5%), depression (77.9%) and anger (72.3%). Time of social distancing, age and previous diagnosis of psychiatric illness were significantly associated with greater severity of anxiety and depression symptoms. The high degree of emotional distress presented by this sample indicates the need to adopt strategies aimed at promoting the mental health of students and providing psychological support for students during and after this critical period of social isolation.(AU)

Con la alta propagación del nuevo coronavirus, fue necesario adoptar intervenciones de salud pública enfocadas en el distanciamiento social para reducir la transmisión del patógeno causante, SARS-Cov-2. Sin embargo, estas medidas pueden contribuir a aumentar la angustia emocional, generando mayores niveles de ansiedad, depresión y estrés. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de la pandemia Covid-19 en la salud mental de los estudiantes brasileños a través de una encuesta de recolección de datos en línea. La encuesta se llevó a cabo durante el período de la primera ola de la pandemia en Brasil. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, de salud mental, incluyendo síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, y calidad de vida en una muestra final de 810 estudiantes. Los síntomas psiquiátricos más prevalentes fueron ansiedad (89,5%), depresión (77,9%) e ira (72,3%). El tiempo de distanciamiento social, la edad y el diagnóstico previo de enfermedad psiquiátrica se asociaron significativamente con una mayor gravedad de los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. El alto grado de angustia emocional que presenta esta muestra indica la necesidad de adoptar estrategias dirigidas a promover la salud mental de los estudiantes y brindar apoyo psicológico a los estudiantes durante y después de este período crítico de aislamiento social.(AU)