Genipin's potential as an anti-cancer agent: from phytochemical origins to clinical prospects.

This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted aspects of genipin, a bioactive compound derived from medicinal plants, focusing on its anti-cancer potential. The review begins by detailing the sources and phytochemical properties of genipin, underscoring its significance in traditional medicine and its transition into contemporary cancer research. It then explores the intricate relationship between genipin's chemical structure and its observed anti-cancer activity, highlighting the molecular underpinnings contributing to its therapeutic potential. This is complemented by a thorough analysis of preclinical studies, which investigates genipin's efficacy against various cancer cell lines and its mechanisms of action at the cellular level. A crucial component of the review is the examination of genipin's bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, providing insights into how the compound is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. Then, this review offers a general and updated overview of the anti-cancer studies of genipin and its derivatives based on its basic molecular mechanisms, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, and disruption of cancer cell signaling pathways. We include information that complements the genipin study, such as toxicity data, and we differentiate this review by including commercial status, disposition, and regulation. Also, this review of genipin stands out for incorporating information on proposals for a technological approach through its load in nanotechnology to improve its bioavailability. The culmination of this information positions genipin as a promising candidate for developing novel anti-cancer drugs capable of supplementing or enhancing current cancer therapies.

Targeting Metabolic Diseases: The Role of Nutraceuticals in Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.

The escalating prevalence of metabolic and cardiometabolic disorders, often characterized by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, poses significant health challenges globally. As the traditional therapeutic approaches may sometimes fall short in managing these health conditions, attention is growing toward nutraceuticals worldwide; with compounds being obtained from natural sources with potential therapeutic beneficial effects being shown to potentially support and, in some cases, replace pharmacological treatments, especially for individuals who do not qualify for conventional pharmacological treatments. This review delves into the burgeoning field of nutraceutical-based pharmacological modulation as a promising strategy for attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation in metabolic and cardiometabolic disorders. Drawing from an extensive body of research, the review showcases various nutraceutical agents, such as polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants, which exhibit antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. All these can be classified as novel nutraceutical-based drugs that are capable of regulating pathways to mitigate oxidative-stress- and inflammation-associated metabolic diseases. By exploring the mechanisms through which nutraceuticals interact with oxidative stress pathways and immune responses, this review highlights their potential to restore redox balance and temper chronic inflammation. Additionally, the challenges and prospects of nutraceutical-based interventions are discussed, encompassing bioavailability enhancement, personalized treatment approaches, and clinical translation. Through a comprehensive analysis of the latest scientific reports, this article underscores the potential of nutraceutical-based pharmacological treatment modulation as a novel avenue to fight oxidative stress and inflammation in the complex landscape of metabolic disorders, particularly accentuating their impact on cardiovascular health.

Determinant Factors of Voluntary or Mandatory Vaccination against COVID-19: A Survey Study among Students at Albanian University.

INTRODUCTION: The world faced serious health and socioeconomic issues with the advent of COVID-19. Along with handwashing, social distancing, and the wearing of masks, vaccination was considered by medical authorities as a key way to curb the spread of the virus. One of the measures that have been proposed to increase vaccinations is the mandatory policy. The purpose of this study was to compare the determinants of voluntary and mandatory vaccination among students at Albanian University. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study, conducted by means of an online survey, was conducted among students enrolled at the private Albanian University, Tirana, Albania during the last week of the winter semester, 7-14 February 2022. RESULTS: In sum, 878 students participated in this study, among whom 612 (69.7%) were females and 266 (30%) were males. Of the participants, 506 (57%) were enrolled in medical science (MS) and 372 (42.3%) were in the non-medical science (Non-MS) group. A total of 773 (88%) were vaccinated against COVID-19, and 105 (11.8%) were not vaccinated. A total of 466 (53%) reported voluntary vaccination, and 412 (46.9%) reported mandatory vaccination. Among the students who were vaccinated voluntarily, 266 (57%) were from the MS group and 200 (42.9%) were from the Non-MS group. A total of 237 (57.5%) of students in the mandatory vaccination group were from the MS group, and 175 (42.4%) were from the Non-MS group. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine safety and efficacy were hindering factors in vaccination. Additionally, based on the results of this study, the students felt encouraged by the academic staff to vaccinate. This clearly demonstrates that the staff does not lack the skills to enhance students' knowledge about the risk of infectious diseases and the importance of vaccination. Therefore, to influence students' attitudes as much as possible toward vaccination, comprehensive educational programs, including modifications of existing curricula, should be considered.

Regulation of human endothelial cell migration by oral contraceptive estrogen receptor ligands.

Ethinylestradiol (EE) and estetrol (E4) are the two main estrogenic agents used in combined oral contraceptives. These compounds have different binding affinity to and efficacy on estrogen receptors (ER) subtypes. We previously reported that treatment with estrogenic agents enhances angiogenesis via nongenomic, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)-dependent mechanisms. However, the impact of EE and E4 on human endothelial function has been little investigated. EE and E4 (10-9- 10-7 M) significantly enhanced migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using scratch and Boyden chamber assays. Mechanistically, both agents increased accumulation of phosphorylated protein tyrosine kinase 2 on tyrosine 397 (FAK Y397), a key player in endothelial cell motility, after 30-min treatment. Treatment with increasing concentrations of EE, but not E4, enhanced accumulation of the glycolysis activator PFKFB3. Of note, effects of EE and E4 on endothelial migration and signalling proteins were abolished by addition of the GPER antagonist G36 (10-6 M). Thus, EE and E4 induced comparable endothelial responses in vitro, suggesting no apparent alterations of vascular remodelling and regeneration capacity by oral contraceptives containing these agents.

Estrogen Receptor Functions and Pathways at the Vascular Immune Interface.

Estrogen receptor (ER) activity mediates multiple physiological processes in the cardiovascular system. ERα and ERß are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, while the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates estrogenic signals by modulating non-nuclear second messengers, including activation of the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Membrane localizations of ERs are generally associated with rapid, non-genomic effects while nuclear localizations are associated with nuclear activities/transcriptional modulation of target genes. Gender dependence of endothelial biology, either through the action of sex hormones or sex chromosome-related factors, is becoming increasingly evident. Accordingly, cardiometabolic risk increases as women transition to menopause. Estrogen pathways control angiogenesis progression through complex mechanisms. The classic ERs have been acknowledged to function in mediating estrogen effects on glucose metabolism, but 17ß-estradiol also rapidly promotes endothelial glycolysis by increasing glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) levels through GPER-dependent mechanisms. Estrogens alter monocyte and macrophage phenotype(s), and induce effects on other estrogen-responsive cell lineages (e.g., secretion of cytokines/chemokines/growth factors) that impact macrophage function. The pharmacological modulation of ERs for therapeutic purposes, however, is particularly challenging due to the lack of ER subtype selectivity of currently used agents. Identifying the determinants of biological responses to estrogenic agents at the vascular immune interface and developing targeted pharmacological interventions may result in novel improved therapeutic solutions.

Combined effects of melatonin and all-trans retinoic acid and somatostatin on breast cancer cell proliferation and death: molecular basis for the anticancer effect of these molecules.

Melatonin has been shown to inhibit breast cancer cell growth in numerous studies. However, our understanding of the therapeutic effects of this hormone is still marginal and there is little information concerning its combination with other antitumor agents to achieve additional potential benefits. All-trans retinoic acids or somatostatin have been used in combination with melatonin in several pre-clinical and clinical trials, but they have never been combined altogether as an anti-breast cancer treatment. In the present study, we investigated whether the association of melatonin, all-trans retinoic acid and somatostatin leads to an enhanced anticancer activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In such conditions, MCF-7 cells were investigated for cell growth/viability and proliferation, as well as for the expression of cyclin A, and components of the Notch and EGFR pathways, by Western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence. Electrophysiological, morphological, and biochemical analysis were also performed to reveal signs of cell damage and death. We found that melatonin in combination with all-trans retinoic acid and somatostatin potentiated the effects of melatonin alone on MCF-7 cell viability and growth inhibition; this phenomenon was associated with altered conductance through Ca²âº and voltage-activated K⁺ (BK) channels, and with substantial impairments of Notch-1 and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated signaling. The combined treatment also caused a marked reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP production as well as induction of necrotic cell death. Taken together our results indicate that co-administration of melatonin with all-trans retinoic acid and somatostatin may be of significant therapeutic benefit in breast cancer.

Dermal matrix scaffold engineered with adult mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma as a potential tool for tissue repair and regeneration.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Integra, an artificial dermal matrix used as a dermal template for skin regeneration, to form a multifunctional scaffold with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for tissue engineering and regenerative technology. First, we showed that PRP, used as a supplement for growth medium, represented an optimal substitute for animal serum as well as a source of multiple growth factors, was able to satisfactorily support cell viability and cell proliferation and influence stemness gene expression in hMSCs. Moreover, Integra appeared to be a suitable substrate for hMSCs colonization, as judged by two-photon microscopy combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and confocal analysis. The cells were then seeded on Integra + PRP for 24 and 48 h. Notably, in these conditions, the seeded cells exhibited a greater aptitude to colonize the scaffold, showed improved cell adhesion and spreading as compared with those cultured on Integra alone, and acquired a fibroblast-like phenotype, indicating that the bioengineered scaffold provided an appropriate environment for cellular growth and differentiation. In conclusion, these results, although preliminary, provide clues for the design of new therapeutic strategies for skin regeneration, consisting in the combination of mesenchymal stem cells with engineered biomaterials.