Plant-Based Food for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: Scoping Review.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition with growing worldwide prevalence. Besides genetic factors, a sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, and inadequate eating habits, characterized by an excess intake of refined carbohydrates and ultra-processed foods, are contributing factors for the development of the disease. In this scenario, promoting a plant-based diet, and limiting animal product consumption while increasing the intake of vegetables, concurrently with healthy lifestyle habits, is a promising strategy to prevent T2DM. This scoping review, carried out between 2017 and 2022, aimed to gather evidence substantiating the benefits of a plant-based diet in T2DM prevention, considering different eating patterns, such as vegetarian, vegan, Mediterranean, and DASH diets. Several studies demonstrate a significant reduction in T2DM incidence among individuals adopting plant-based eating patterns or emphasizing healthy plant-based food alongside decreased intake or exclusion of animal-based foods. There are still no robust data regarding plant-based diets and the prevention of diabetes without loss in body weight. Hence, prospective studies in plant-based diets with weight control are needed. Nevertheless, adopting plant-based diets appears to induce significant weight loss, which is crucial in an obesity-endemic context. Thus, embracing plant-based diets, along with healthy habits, emerges as a relevant strategy in obesity and T2DM prevention.

Effect of experimental dentin etchants on dentin bond strength, metalloproteinase inhibition, and antibiofilm activity.

OBJECTIVE: this study evaluated dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and failure modes (at 24 h and one year), bonding interface regarding hybridization, surface morphology regarding demineralization, in situ metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and antibacterial effect of three dentin etchants compared to 35% phosphoric acid (PA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive (3 M Oral Care) was applied on moist dentin etched with PA (control) or on air-dried dentin etched with 3% aluminum nitrate + 2% oxalic acid (AN), 6.8% ferric oxalate + 10% citric acid (FO), or 10% citric acid (CA). The µTBS test used 40 human teeth (n = 10). Failure modes and surface morphology were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (n = 3), while bonding interface morphology and MMP activity were evaluated by laser scanning confocal microscopy (n = 3). Antibacterial activity was evaluated against S. Mutans biofilm by means of viable cells count (CFU/mL). RESULTS: PA presented the highest bond strengths regardless of aging time. PA, AN, and CA showed stable bond strengths after one year of storage. Adhesive and mixed failures were predominant in all groups. Thin hybrid layers with short resin tags were observed for the experimental etchants. The AN-based etchant was able to inhibit MMP activity. All tested etchants presented antibacterial activity against S. Mutans biofilm. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests different dentin etchants capable of inhibiting MMP activity while also acting as cavity disinfectants.

Gastric mixed neuroendocrine/non neuroendocrine neoplasia: a rare entity.

Gastric neoplasms have different histological subtypes. Mixed neuroendocrine/non neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN), as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) 2019 Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System, are rare composite tumours bearing morphological characteristics of more than one histological type. Historically, the diagnosis requires that each component accounts for at least 30% of the total tumour burden. We present the case of a 70-year-old male, who was referred to our endoscopy unit for resection of a depressed lesion (Paris classification type 0 IIc) of 40mm in largest diameter, located on the lesser curvature of the gastric body. The lesion was submitted to en bloc resection by endoscopic submucosal dissection. Histological examination revealed a poorly differentiated intramucosal adenocarcinoma and a grade G3 well differentiated neuroendocrine tumour (NET), on a background of chronic atrophic gastritis. Unfortunately, examination of the NET component revealed intercepted margins. The patient is currently undergoing tumour staging and will be discussed by a multidisciplinary team to determine subsequent management.

Influence of the calcium orthophosphate:glass ratio and calcium orthophosphate functionalization on the degree of conversion and mechanical properties of resin-based composites.

The study verified the influence of calcium orthophosphate (CaP):glass ratio on the degree of conversion and mechanical properties of resin-based composites containing either TEGDMA-functionalized dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) or non-functionalized DCPA particles. The null hypotheses were that the evaluated variables are not affected by (1) CaP:glass ratio or (2) DCPA functionalization. DCPA particles were synthesized and half of them were functionalized with TEGDMA. Particle characterization included x-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, laser scattering, helium picnometry and scanning electron microscopy. Two series of composites were prepared containing either DCPA-NF (non-functionalized) or DCPA-F (functionalized), with total inorganic content of 50 vol % and DCPA:silanized barium glass (BG) ratios from 10:40 to 50:0. A composite containing 50 vol % BG was tested as control. DC was determined using FTIR spectroscopy. Biaxial flexural strength and modulus were tested after 24 h in water. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn (flexural properties) or analysis of variance/Tukey tests (DC). Materials with similar actual DCPA contents were compared using Student's t test (alpha: 0.05). DC was higher for materials with DCPA-F, except for the 10:40 ratio. DCPA-F resulted in higher strength than DCPA-NF only at 40:10 ratio. Modulus was not affected by functionalization. Materials with similar actual DCPA contents showed differences in DC (F > NF), while no difference in flexural properties was observed between materials with 28%-30% DCPA. Both null hypotheses were rejected.

Characteristics of biscuits containing different proportions of whole mung bean, wheat and rice brown flours.

A simplex-centroid design was used to evaluate the effect of proportions (0 to 100%) of whole wheat flour (WWF), whole mung bean flour (WMF) and whole rice flour (BRF) on the quality of cookies savory. The dough cut in the shape of a disks (37 mm × 2 mm) showed a 13% retraction in diameter when they contained exclusively WWF, it was less intense (5%) with BRF and null (0%) with WMF. The dough expansion occurred only vertically, the thicknesses of the WWF, WMF and BRF biscuits were 5.33, 2.79 and 2.13 times greater than the initial dough height, respectively. This characteristic showed high correlations with volumetric expansion (r = 0.95), specific volume (r = 0.90), hardness (r = 0.92), fracturability (r = 0.93) and spread factor (r = -0.96). BRF increased the value of the color difference of the biscuits up to 17.70, the effect of WMF was smaller (6.51). Only the radial expansion index correlated with the trough (r = 0.76), final viscosity (r = 0.79) and setback (r = 0.77) parameters. Considering the main desirable physical characteristics in savory biscuits, the highest global desirability obtained was for the proportion of 49% WWF, 24% WMF and 27% BRF.

Bases para um programa de controle da artrite encefalite caprina em rebanho leiteiro / [Bases for a program of control of caprine arthritis encephalite in dairy flock]

Objetivou-se avaliar um programa de controle da artrite encefalite caprina (AEC), por meio de testes diagnósticos sensíveis, separação de mãe e cria após o parto e medidas de manejo, com o intuito de formar rebanho livre do vírus. Utilizou-se um total de 47 cabritos da raça Saanen, mantidos isoladamente até o resultado dos primeiros testes de reação em cadeia de polimerase nested (PCR nested) e Western Blotting (WB), com base na coleta de sangue no momento do nascimento (M0). No PCR nested, quatro animais foram positivos, no M0, e foram eutanasiados. Posteriormente, os demais 43 cabritos foram submetidos à coleta de sangue aos 60 (M60) e 270 (M270) dias de vida para realização de novos testes de WB e PCR nested, que não detectaram animais positivos. Pode-se afirmar que a metodologia adotada neste estudo foi efetiva no controle da doença, nas fases de aleitamento e pós-aleitamento, e que a combinação do sistema de manejo, a fim de propiciar diminuição de risco de transmissão horizontal, com técnicas de diagnóstico mais apuradas, como o WB e a PCR nested, é relevante para elaboração de plano estratégico de controle da enfermidade.(AU)

We aimed to evaluate a program to control Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), using diagnostic tests, separation of the mother and postpartum and other management measures, in order to form a free flock of the virus. We used a total of 47 Saanengoats in isolation until the results of the first nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested PCR) and Western Blotting (WB) tests, based on blood collection at the time of birth (M0). In the nested PCR, 4 animals were positive, at M0, and were eliminated. Later, the other 43goats were submitted to blood collection at 60 (M60) and 270 (M270) days of life to perform new tests of WB and nested PCR, which did not detect positive animals. We can affirm that the methodology adopted in this study was effective in the control of the disease, in the phase of breastfeeding and post-breastfeeding, and that the combination of the management system, which allows a reduction of risk of horizontal transmission, with more accurate diagnostic techniques, such as WB and nested PCR, is relevant for the elaboration of a strategic plan for the disease control.(AU)

Cholesterol-Lowering and Liver-Protective Effects of Cooked and Germinated Mung Beans (Vigna radiata L.).

We investigated the hypocholesterolemic and liver-protective effects of cooked and germinated whole mung beans. Hamsters were fed for 28 days on diets rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, differing only in protein source (20%): casein, cooked whole mung bean, and germinated mung bean. After 28 days, we found reduced plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, increased faecal cholesterol excretion, and reduced levels of asparagine aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes in the liver. Reduction in hepatic lipid deposition was observed between each of the mung bean groups relative to the casein group. In addition, the animals of the geminated mung bean group showed a lack of inflammatory infiltrate and better vascularisation of the hepatic tissue. Results from this study show significant hypocholesterolemic and liver-protective properties of the mung bean, which are further enhanced after germination.

Effect of continuous progressive resistance training during hemodialysis on body composition, physical function and quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of continuous progressive resistance training on body composition, functional capacity and self-reported quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS: The study included 52 hemodialysis patients (aged 55.7 ± 14.03 years) randomized into exercise (progressive resistance training (PRT), n = 28) or control (CON, n = 24) groups. INTERVENTION: Patients randomized into the PRT group received prescribed strength exercises in two sets of 15-20 repetitions, in a repetition maximum training zone regime, thrice a week for 12 weeks, during hemodialysis. Patients randomized into the CON group received a sham-exercise with active mobilization of the arms and legs without load and progression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), strength using handgrip dynamometry (HGS), repeated sit-to-stand test (STT), 6-minute walk test, flexibility and the SF-36 questionnaire (quality of life (QoL)) were assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks. RESULTS: Leg lean mass ( P = 0.04, effect size (ES) of 0.56), bone mineral content ( P = 0.02, ES of 0.65), leg strength in STT repetitions ( P = 0.01, ES of 0.66) and flexibility ( P < 0.01, ES of 1.03) were significantly improved in the PRT group compared to the CON group. Walking capacity, HGS and QoL were not different between the groups. CONCLUSION: 12 weeks of PRT with a repetition maximum training zone regime provided significant load to increase leg lean mass and STT performance as well as bone mineral content, compared to the CON, which continued to deteriorate. There was lack of efficacy on walking test, HGS and QoL.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an inactivator of caprine lentivirus (CLV) in colostrum and milk / Avaliação in vitro e in vivo do dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) como inativador do lentivírus caprino (LVC) em colostro e leite

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the caprine lentivirus (CLV) in colostrum and milk. This was performed to develop a practical and efficient method of blocking the lactogenic transmission of the virus. In the in vitro experiment, colostrum and milk were treated with 0.25%; 0.50% and 1% SDS. Then, somatic cells of colostrum and milk were submitted to co-culture with caprine synovial membrane cells (CSM). In the in vivo test, goats were fed with colostrum and milk provided from CLV-positive goats treated with SDS in the same concentrations used in the in vitro experiment. Animals were tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and Western blot (WB) assays. In the in vitro experiment, inhibitory activity against CLV without inactivation occurred in colostrum with all SDS concentrations. However, concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5% SDS presented only inhibitory activity against CLV in milk cells, and 1% concentration provided inactivation of the virus. In the in vivo tests, none of the three concentrations of SDS was effective in inactivating LVC in colostrum or goat milk, which was confirmed by seroconversion and presence of proviral DNA in animals afterwards.(AU)

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar in vitro e in vivo o efeito do dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) sobre o lentivírus caprino (LVC) no colostro e no leite, a fim de desenvolver um método prático e eficiente no bloqueio da via de transmissão lactogênica do vírus. No experimento in vitro, o colostro e o leite de cabras positivas foram tratados com SDS a 0,25%, 0,50% e 1,0%. Em seguida, as células somáticas do colostro e do leite foram obtidas e direcionadas ao cocultivo com células de membrana sinovial caprina (MSC). No teste in vivo, os cabritos foram alimentados com colostro e leite providos de cabras positivas para LVC, tratados com SDS nas mesmas concentrações usadas no teste in vitro. Os animais foram acompanhados pelos testes de reação em cadeia da polimerase nested (nPCR) e western blot (WB). Nos resultados in vitro, no colostro, observou-se que, em todas as concentrações de SDS, ocorreu uma atividade inibitória contra o LVC, sem a inativação. Em relação às células do leite, o SDS apresentou, nas concentrações de 0,25 e 0,5%, atividade inibitória contra o LVC, e na concentração de 1%, houve inativação viral. Nos testes in vivo, as três concentrações de SDS testadas não foram efetivas na inativação do LVC no colostro e no leite caprino, o que se comprovou pela soroconversão e pela presença de DNA proviral nos animais.(AU)

Desenvolvimento e aplicação de partículas de fosfato de cálcio funcionalizadas com monômeros ácidos para remineralização dentária / Overview of the recruitment, hiring profile and remuneration of human resources in the public dental service

A caracterização dos recursos humanos na odontologia no serviço público é importante para avaliar as discrepâncias de contratação e remuneração, colaborando com a elaboração de políticas públicas que permitam um adequado recrutamento e fixação de profissionais, garantindo equidade no acesso aos serviços. Tanto o problema das relações de trabalho quanto o de distribuição dos profissionais de saúde, estão diretamente relacionados com as barreiras de desenvolvimento de um sistema de saúde eficiente e efetivo. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar e analisar aspectos da contratação, recrutamento e remuneração dos profissionais de odontologia no serviço público. Foram utilizadas três estratégias: i) revisão de escopo, ii) análise de mecanismos de recrutamento de recursos humanos em saúde para o serviço público (concursos públicos e processos seletivos do ano de 2013) e iii) análise dos dados do PMAQ-AB II e PMAQ-CEO I, referentes ao agente contratante, vínculo e mecanismo de ingresso de dentistas no serviço público. A revisão de escopo mostrou que os estudos de recursos humanos em odontologia são escassos, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda, e apresentou opções de remuneração e inserção dos profissionais de odontologia no mercado de trabalho público, privado e misto. As formas de remuneração apresentadas foram: pagamento por taxa de serviço, salário fixo, captação, ou modelos mistos. Os editais de concursos públicos e processos seletivos do Brasil no período avaliado mostraram dados imprecisos com ausência de informações sobre as vagas, salários e benefícios oferecidos, tipo de vínculo e perfil profissional exigido para trabalhar no serviço público. Observou-se importantes diferenças salariais entre dentistas, médicos e enfermeiros, além de maior concentração de vagas oferecidas na região sudeste do país, evidenciando a falta de um planejamento estratégico da distribuição geográfica desses recursos humanos e cobertura do cuidado. Quanto ao PMAQ-AB, observou-se que 80% dos dentistas que trabalham na atenção básica foram contratados por administração direta, mas apenas 45% estão sob regime estatutário como vínculo. A indicação política como forma de ingresso foi relatada por 23% dos entrevistados. Entretanto, no PMAQ-CEO, 80% dos dentistas foram contratados pela administração direta e 58% possuem vínculo estatutário. O mecanismo de ingresso de 65% desses profissionais foi o concurso público, enquanto que no PMAQ-AB os concursados somam aproximadamente 50%; portanto, nos CEO há maior proporção de profissionais concursados em relação à atenção básica, demonstrando que o processo de terceirização da gestão está mais avançado na atenção básica do que na secundária. Concluindo, políticas públicas informadas por evidências científicas são importantes para oferecer equidade no acesso aos serviços melhorando a distribuição dos profissionais, oferecendo incentivos e condições de trabalho adequadas, com processos de seleção de pessoal eficientes. Os estudos sobre a relação entre o vínculo do profissional com o serviço público e os impactos na quantidade e qualidade de serviços oferecidos aos usuários também são igualmente importantes para que o Brasil possa alcançar os princípios da estratégia global para recursos humanos em saúde da Organização Mundial de Saúde, oferecendo disponibilidade, acessibilidade, aceitabilidade e qualidade da força de trabalho.

The influence of sagittal position of the mandible in facial attractiveness and social perception.

OBJECTIVE:: This study aims at comparing the perception of orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, visual artists and laypersons when evaluating the influence of sagittal position of the mandible - in lateral view - in facial attractiveness; at a job hiring; and in the perception of socioeconomic profile. METHODS:: A black male, a white male, a black female and a white female with harmonic faces served as models to obtain a facial profile photograph. Each photograph was digitally manipulated to obtain seven facial profiles: an ideal, three simulating mandibular advancement and three simulating mandibular retrusion, producing 28 photographs. These photographs were evaluated through a questionnaire by orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, visual artists and laypersons. RESULTS:: The anteroposterior positioning of the mandible exerted strong influence on the level of facial attractiveness, but few significant differences between the different groups of evaluators were observed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:: The profiles pointed as the most attractive were also pointed as more favorable to be hired to a job position and pointed also as having the best socioeconomic condition.

Caprine lentivirus in sheep milk and semen / Lentivírus caprino em leite e sêmen de ovinos

With the objective of detecting the presence of caprine lentivirus (CLV) in ewe milk and in ram semen, ten matrixes and four reproducers experimentally infected with CLV were used. Samples of ewe milk were collected during the four months of lactation, five collections per animal, totaling 50 samples. Regarding the rams, eight semen collections were made per animal, during one year of experimentation, totaling 32 samples. The milk and semen samples were submitted to DNA extraction and the nested polymerase chain reaction test (nPCR) to detect CLV proviral DNA. Eight (16%) of the milk samples were positive in nPCR originating from two ewes. Only one (3.12%) semen sample was positive. The amplification products were sequenced, and were confirmed to be a CLV genomic sequence. Thus, the presence of CLV proviral DNA in sheep milk and semen was demonstrated, confirming the feasibility of infection between species, and alerting to the risk of spreading infections.(AU)

Com o objetivo de detectar a presença do lentivírus caprino (LVC) no leite de ovelhas e no sêmen de carneiros, utilizaram-se 10 matrizes e quatro reprodutores infectados experimentalmente com o LVC. Foram coletadas amostras de leite das ovelhas durante os quatro meses de lactação, ocorrendo cinco coletas por animal, totalizando 50 amostras. Quanto aos carneiros, realizaram-se oito coletas de sêmen por animal, durante um ano de experimentação, totalizando 32 amostras. As amostras de leite e de sêmen foram submetidas à extração de DNA e à prova de reação em cadeia da polimerase do tipo nested (nPCR) visando à detecção de DNA proviral do LVC. Oito (16%) amostras de leite foram positivas na nPCR oriundas de duas ovelhas. Apenas uma (3,12%) amostra de sêmen apresentou positividade. Produtos da amplificação foram sequenciados, confirmando-se tratar de sequência genômica do LVC. Dessa forma, demonstrou-se a presença do DNA proviral do LVC em leite e sêmen de ovinos, confirmando a viabilidade da infecção entre espécies e, assim, alertando sobre o risco de que a infecção seja disseminada.(AU)

Intradialytic exercise and postural control in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis / Exercício intradialítico e controle postural de doentes renais crônicos em hemodiálise

Abstract Introduction: Exercise promotes physiological improvements that reflect better quality of life and survival among chronic kidney disease patients. However, little is known about the effect of exercise on postural control of hemodialysis patients. Objective: To evaluate the effect of intradialytic aerobic exercise on postural balance in patients on hemodialysis. Methods: a pilot study with seven individuals was conducted at the Hemodialysis Center of Bauru State Hospital. The Berg Balance Scale evaluated balance and postural balance was evaluated by the force platform Advance Mechanical Technology Inc. (AMTI - AccuGait). Trunk mean sway amplitude in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions and mean velocity in the AP and ML directions were assessed. Secondary outcomes about functional capacity and body composition (DEXA) were evaluated. The aerobic exercise was performed with a ergometric bicycle during the first two hours of hemodialysis session for 50-60 minutes (BORG >12), three times a week for 12-weeks. Results: Four men and three women, 52.86 ± 11.08 years, participated in the study. There was no difference between pre and post-test of postural balance outcomes. Although the results were not statistically significant, except for the lean body mass and leg lean mass, the presented pilot study suggests improved functional balance and lower limb strength. Conclusion: The 12-weeks of aerobic exercise protocol during hemodialysis despite inducing gains in lean body mass and leg lean mass, was not able to promote improvements in postural control of chronic renal failure patients on hemodialysis.

Resumo Introdução: O exercício promove benefícios fisiológicos que reflete em melhor qualidade de vida e sobrevida do doente renal crônico. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito do exercício físico sobre o equilíbrio postural destes pacientes em tratamento de hemodiálise. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do exercício intradialítico sobre o equilíbrio postural de pacientes renais crônicos submetidos a hemodiálise. Métodos: Sete indivíduos renais crônicos provenientes do Centro de Hemodiálise do Hospital Estadual de Bauru. O equilíbrio foi avaliado pela escala de equilíbrio de Berg e o equilíbrio postural por meio da plataforma de força (AMTI - AccuGait). Para o equilíbrio postural foram consideradas as variáveis amplitude média e velocidade de deslocamento médio ântero-posterior e médio-lateral do centro de pressão. Informações secundárias sobre capacidade funcional e composição corporal (DEXA) também foram avaliadas. O exercício aeróbio foi realizado por 50-60 minutos nas primeiras duas horas da sessão de hemodiálise, três vezes na semana, durante 12 semanas. Resultado: Quatro homens e três mulheres com 52,86 ± 11,08 anos participaram do estudo. Os momentos pré e pós exercício não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (p > 0,05) para as variáveis do equilíbrio postural. Contudo, houve ganho massa magra total e de perna. Os resultados sugerem também melhora do equilíbrio através da escala de Berg e força de membros inferiores, contudo sem significância estatística. Conclusão: O protocolo de doze semanas de exercício aeróbio durante a hemodiálise apesar de promover ganhos na massa magra total e de membros inferiores, não foi capaz de promover melhoras no controle postural de doentes renais crônicos em hemodiálise.

The influence of sagittal position of the mandible in facial attractiveness and social perception

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aims at comparing the perception of orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, visual artists and laypersons when evaluating the influence of sagittal position of the mandible - in lateral view - in facial attractiveness; at a job hiring; and in the perception of socioeconomic profile. METHODS: A black male, a white male, a black female and a white female with harmonic faces served as models to obtain a facial profile photograph. Each photograph was digitally manipulated to obtain seven facial profiles: an ideal, three simulating mandibular advancement and three simulating mandibular retrusion, producing 28 photographs. These photographs were evaluated through a questionnaire by orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, visual artists and laypersons. RESULTS: The anteroposterior positioning of the mandible exerted strong influence on the level of facial attractiveness, but few significant differences between the different groups of evaluators were observed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The profiles pointed as the most attractive were also pointed as more favorable to be hired to a job position and pointed also as having the best socioeconomic condition.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo comparar a percepção de ortodontistas, cirurgiões bucomaxilofaciais, artistas visuais e leigos ao avaliar a influência do posicionamento sagital da mandíbula, em vista lateral, na atratividade facial; na contratação para um emprego; e na percepção do perfil socioeconômico. MÉTODOS: um homem negro, um homem branco, uma mulher negra e uma mulher branca com faces harmoniosas serviram como modelos para obtenção de fotografias do perfil facial. Cada fotografia obtida foi digitalmente manipulada para a obtenção de sete perfis faciais: um ideal, três simulando avanço mandibular e três simulando retrusão mandibular, originando 28 fotografias. Essas fotografias foram avaliadas, por meio de um questionário, por quatro grupos de avaliadores: ortodontistas, cirurgiões bucomaxilofaciais, artistas visuais e leigos. RESULTADOS: o posicionamento anteroposterior da mandíbula exerceu forte influência sobre o grau de atratividade facial, porém foram observadas poucas diferenças significativas entre os diferentes grupos de avaliadores (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: os perfis apontados como mais atraentes foram, também, os mais apontados como favoráveis à contratação para um emprego e os mais apontados como aqueles que aparentavam melhor condição socioeconômica.

Influência do posicionamento sagital da mandíbula na atratividade facial e no tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico / The influence of mandibular sagittal position on facial aesthetics and on orthodontic-surgical treatment

Comparou-se a percepção de ortodontistas, cirurgiões bucomaxilofaciais, artistas visuais e leigos ao se avaliar a influência do posicionamento sagital da mandíbula, em vista lateral, na atratividade facial; na decisão pelo tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico em outra pessoa; e na decisão pelo tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico em si próprio. Um homem negro, um homem branco, uma mulher negra e uma mulher branca com faces harmônicas serviram como modelos para obtenção de uma fotografia de perfil facial. Cada fotografia foi digitalmente manipulada para a obtenção de sete perfis faciais: um ideal, três simulando avanço mandibular e três simulando retrusão mandibular, originando 28 fotografias. Essas fotografias foram avaliadas através de um questionário por 4 grupos de examinadores: ortodontistas, cirurgiões bucomaxilofaciais, artistas visuais e leigos. Concluiu-se que o posicionamento anterior da mandíbula exerceu forte influência sobre o nível de atratividade facial, porém foram observadas poucas diferenças significativas entre os grupos de avaliadores (p<0,05).

This research aimed to compare the perception of orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, visual artists, and laypeople when evaluating, from a lateral view, the influence of mandibular sagittal position on facial attractiveness; and their perception regarding the requirement of orthodontic-surgical treatment need for yourself or another person. Profile photographs were taken from a black male, a white male, a black female and a white female with harmonic faces. Each photograph was digitally manipulated to obtain seven facial profiles: an ideal profile, three simulating mandibular advancement, and three simulating mandibular retrusion, resulting on 28 photographs. These photographs were evaluated through a questionnaire by orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, visual artists, and laypersons. It was concluded that the anteroposterior positioning of the mandible exerted a strong influence on the level of facial attractiveness, but few significant differences between the different groups of evaluators were observed (p<0.05).

Epidemiological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in riverside communities in the Southern Brazilian Amazon.

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans and other animals worldwide. Information on the prevalence of T. gondii infection is scarce in some regions of Brazil, including riverside communities along the Amazon River basin. M METHODS: The prevalence of T. gondii in 231 people, aged 1-85 years, who were living in four riverside communities along the Purus River, Lábrea, State of Amazonas, Brazil, was determined. Antibodies against T. gondii were assayed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The hearts and brains of 50 chickens, which were raised free-range in the communities, were pooled according to the community of origin and bioassayed in mice. The isolates were genotyped using polymorphisms at 12 nuclear markers (SAG1, 5' and 3'-SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3). RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 56.7% (131/231). IgG antibodies were presented by 117 (89.3%) and IgM by 14 (10.7%) of the 131 positive individuals. No association between age group and gender with prevalence was observed (chi-square test, p > 0.05); however, the comparison between localities showed that the seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly lower among the individuals living in the Boca do Ituxi (p < 0.05) community. Five isolates of T. gondii were obtained in the mouse bioassay, and genotyping revealed two complete genotypes that had not been described previously and three mixed isolates. CONCLUSIONS: These results support previous findings that T. gondii population genetics are highly diverse in Brazil and that T. gondii infection is active in these riverside communities.

Doctors’ awareness concerning primary immunodeficiencies in Brazil

BACKGROUND: PIDs are a heterogeneous group of genetic illnesses, and delay in their diagnosis is thought to be caused by a lack of awareness among physicians concerning PIDs. The latter is what we aimed to evaluate in Brazil. METHODS: Physicians working at general hospitals all over the country were asked to complete a 14-item questionnaire. One of the questions described 25 clinical situations that could be associated with PIDs and a score was created based on percentages of appropriate answers. RESULTS: A total of 4026 physicians participated in the study: 1628 paediatricians (40.4%), 1436 clinicians (35.7%), and 962 surgeons (23.9%). About 67% of the physicians had learned about PIDs in medical school or residency training, 84.6% evaluated patients who frequently took antibiotics, but only 40.3% of them participated in the immunological evaluation of these patients. Seventy-seven percent of the participating physicians were not familiar with the warning signs for PIDs. The mean score of correct answers for the 25 clinical situations was 48.08% (±16.06). Only 18.3% of the paediatricians, 7.4% of the clinicians, and 5.8% of the surgeons answered at least 2/3 of these situations appropriately. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of medical awareness concerning PIDs, even among paediatricians, who have been targeted with PID educational programmes in recent years in Brazil. An increase in awareness with regard to these disorders within the medical community is an important step towards improving recognition and treatment of PIDs

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Epidemiological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in riverside communities in the Southern Brazilian Amazon

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in humans and other animals worldwide. Information on the prevalence of T. gondii infection is scarce in some regions of Brazil, including riverside communities along the Amazon River basin. M METHODS: The prevalence of T. gondii in 231 people, aged 1-85 years, who were living in four riverside communities along the Purus River, Lábrea, State of Amazonas, Brazil, was determined. Antibodies against T. gondii were assayed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The hearts and brains of 50 chickens, which were raised free-range in the communities, were pooled according to the community of origin and bioassayed in mice. The isolates were genotyped using polymorphisms at 12 nuclear markers (SAG1, 5' and 3'-SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3). RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 56.7% (131/231). IgG antibodies were presented by 117 (89.3%) and IgM by 14 (10.7%) of the 131 positive individuals. No association between age group and gender with prevalence was observed (chi-square test, p > 0.05); however, the comparison between localities showed that the seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly lower among the individuals living in the Boca do Ituxi (p < 0.05) community. Five isolates of T. gondii were obtained in the mouse bioassay, and genotyping revealed two complete genotypes that had not been described previously and three mixed isolates. CONCLUSIONS: These results support previous findings that T. gondii population genetics are highly diverse in Brazil and that T. gondii infection is active in these riverside communities. .

Doctors' awareness concerning primary immunodeficiencies in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: PIDs are a heterogeneous group of genetic illnesses, and delay in their diagnosis is thought to be caused by a lack of awareness among physicians concerning PIDs. The latter is what we aimed to evaluate in Brazil. METHODS: Physicians working at general hospitals all over the country were asked to complete a 14-item questionnaire. One of the questions described 25 clinical situations that could be associated with PIDs and a score was created based on percentages of appropriate answers. RESULTS: A total of 4026 physicians participated in the study: 1628 paediatricians (40.4%), 1436 clinicians (35.7%), and 962 surgeons (23.9%). About 67% of the physicians had learned about PIDs in medical school or residency training, 84.6% evaluated patients who frequently took antibiotics, but only 40.3% of them participated in the immunological evaluation of these patients. Seventy-seven percent of the participating physicians were not familiar with the warning signs for PIDs. The mean score of correct answers for the 25 clinical situations was 48.08% (±16.06). Only 18.3% of the paediatricians, 7.4% of the clinicians, and 5.8% of the surgeons answered at least 2/3 of these situations appropriately. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of medical awareness concerning PIDs, even among paediatricians, who have been targeted with PID educational programmes in recent years in Brazil. An increase in awareness with regard to these disorders within the medical community is an important step towards improving recognition and treatment of PIDs.