Extranodal B cell lymphoma in the trachea of a domestic cat

Background: Primary tracheal tumors are considered uncommon in veterinary medicine and among them extranodal tracheal lymphoma, which is a neoplastic type, has rarely been described, especially with the use of immunophenotyping. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge inherent to the characteristics of this tumor type in felines and as a result little information on how to deal with animals affected by this disease. Therefore, there is a need for more studies focusing on this matter. The objective of this work is to report a case of extranodal B cell lymphoma in the trachea of a domestic cat and point out the clinical and pathological characteristics of this neoplastic type. Case: A 5-year-old domestic cat, of an oriental breed, was taken to a veterinary clinic exclusively for cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main complaint was difficulty in breathing and loss of appetite and historical data included intolerance to exercise. A clinical examination confirmed inspiratory dyspnea and upper respiratory sounds. Hematological and serum biochemical exams did not evidence any noteworthy changes and the cat was considered negative for feline viral leukemia and feline immunodeficiency viruses through serological and molecular testing. However, in the radiographic examination of the thoracic cervical region, an opacity was observed that occluded part of the tracheal lumen and this was suggestive of a mass in the initial third of the trachea, measuring 0.5 cm in diameter. The animal was stabilized and then 24 h after admission underwent inspection of the oral cavity and a biopsy of the tracheal mass was performed. Cytology of the specimen was suggestive of lymphoma. The treatment of choice was: lomustine with a single, oral dose of 10 mg; vincristine sulfate with a single intravenous dose of 0.75 mg/m²; and methylprednisolone acetate with a single...(AU)

Extranodal B cell lymphoma in the trachea of a domestic cat

Background: Primary tracheal tumors are considered uncommon in veterinary medicine and among them extranodal tracheal lymphoma, which is a neoplastic type, has rarely been described, especially with the use of immunophenotyping. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge inherent to the characteristics of this tumor type in felines and as a result little information on how to deal with animals affected by this disease. Therefore, there is a need for more studies focusing on this matter. The objective of this work is to report a case of extranodal B cell lymphoma in the trachea of a domestic cat and point out the clinical and pathological characteristics of this neoplastic type. Case: A 5-year-old domestic cat, of an oriental breed, was taken to a veterinary clinic exclusively for cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main complaint was difficulty in breathing and loss of appetite and historical data included intolerance to exercise. A clinical examination confirmed inspiratory dyspnea and upper respiratory sounds. Hematological and serum biochemical exams did not evidence any noteworthy changes and the cat was considered negative for feline viral leukemia and feline immunodeficiency viruses through serological and molecular testing. However, in the radiographic examination of the thoracic cervical region, an opacity was observed that occluded part of the tracheal lumen and this was suggestive of a mass in the initial third of the trachea, measuring 0.5 cm in diameter. The animal was stabilized and then 24 h after admission underwent inspection of the oral cavity and a biopsy of the tracheal mass was performed. Cytology of the specimen was suggestive of lymphoma. The treatment of choice was: lomustine with a single, oral dose of 10 mg; vincristine sulfate with a single intravenous dose of 0.75 mg/m²; and methylprednisolone acetate with a single...

Histoplasmose pulmonar grave em um gato doméstico: tratamento com Anfotericina B e Itraconazol / acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a domestic cat treated with Amphotericin B and Itraconazole

Background: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis whose etiologic agent is the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungal infection, which is the second most frequent systemic mycotic fungal disease in felines in the United States, has rarely been found in cats in Brazil. This paper reports on a case of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a domestic cat treated with oral itraconazole associated with amphotericin B administered subcutaneously. This treatment resulted in clinical remission of the patient’s symptoms, as evidenced by radiographic follow-ups.Case: A domestic cat suffering from acute dyspnea was taken to a veterinary clinic. The animal was subjected to emergency oxygen therapy, and kept at rest through sedation with midazolam. A physical examination revealed normally colored mucosa, 8% dehydration, bristly fur, body condition score 2/9, tachypnea with respiratory rate of 100 breaths per minute and expiratory dyspnea. The radiographic examination showed marked opacification of all the pulmonary fields, with a mixed pattern (interstitial and alveolar) of heterogeneous appearance and diffuse distribution, which are changes consistent with an inflammatory infectious process (pneumonia). A cytological analysis of the pleural fluid revealed round to oval-shaped intracytoplasmic structures, varying in size from 2 to 4 μm, inside foamy macrophages, consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum. Based on the diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis, and in view of the patient’s acute respiratory distress, it was decided to treat the cat using itraconazole associated with amphotericin B. Itraconazole was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/cat every 24 h, while amphotericin B was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, combined with 100 mL of sodium chloride 0.9% and 100 mL of 5% glycated serum, with monitoring of serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA).[...]

Histoplasmose pulmonar grave em um gato doméstico: tratamento com Anfotericina B e Itraconazol / acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a domestic cat treated with Amphotericin B and Itraconazole

Background: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis whose etiologic agent is the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungal infection, which is the second most frequent systemic mycotic fungal disease in felines in the United States, has rarely been found in cats in Brazil. This paper reports on a case of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a domestic cat treated with oral itraconazole associated with amphotericin B administered subcutaneously. This treatment resulted in clinical remission of the patients symptoms, as evidenced by radiographic follow-ups.Case: A domestic cat suffering from acute dyspnea was taken to a veterinary clinic. The animal was subjected to emergency oxygen therapy, and kept at rest through sedation with midazolam. A physical examination revealed normally colored mucosa, 8% dehydration, bristly fur, body condition score 2/9, tachypnea with respiratory rate of 100 breaths per minute and expiratory dyspnea. The radiographic examination showed marked opacification of all the pulmonary fields, with a mixed pattern (interstitial and alveolar) of heterogeneous appearance and diffuse distribution, which are changes consistent with an inflammatory infectious process (pneumonia). A cytological analysis of the pleural fluid revealed round to oval-shaped intracytoplasmic structures, varying in size from 2 to 4 μm, inside foamy macrophages, consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum. Based on the diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis, and in view of the patients acute respiratory distress, it was decided to treat the cat using itraconazole associated with amphotericin B. Itraconazole was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/cat every 24 h, while amphotericin B was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, combined with 100 mL of sodium chloride 0.9% and 100 mL of 5% glycated serum, with monitoring of serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA).[...](AU)

Recurrent pulmonary edema secondary to elongated soft palate in a cat.

A 9-month-old intact female Persian cat presented with recurrent pulmonary edema secondary to an elongated soft palate. Endoscopic evaluation of the pharynx and larynx showed that the elongated soft palate was overlying the epiglottis. Partial resection of the soft palate was performed and the cat showed no further respiratory signs. This report is the first description of elongated soft palate causing airway obstruction in a brachycephalic cat.

Complicações pós-operatórias em gatos hipertireoideos submetidos / à tireoidectomia unilateral / Unilateral thyroidectomy complications in hyperthyroid cats

Gatos com hipertireoidismo podem se beneficiar do tratamento cirúrgico em algumas situações, como em casos de neoplasias e intolerância a medicação. Várias técnicas já foram descritas sendo a tireoidectomia com implantação da glândula paratireóide em etapas a que mais minimiza o risco de hipocalcemia pós-cirúrgica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis complicações pós-operatórias em gatos com hipertireoidismo submetidos à técnica de tireoidectomia unilateral com implantação da glândula paratireóide. Oito gatos com diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial de hipertireoidismo foram operados e seus níveis de cálcio ionizado avaliados com 24 e 48 horas, sete, quinze e 21 dias após a cirurgia. Resultados de exames laboratoriais (hemograma, ureia, creatinina, e tiroxina total) foram coletados sete dias após a cirurgia e comparados com os resultados obtidos no pré-operatório. Uma Análise de Variância (ANOVA One-Way) e o teste de Scheffe foram utilizados para avaliar os resultados do cálcio ionizado, enquanto que para a análise dos resultados da creatinina foi utilizado o teste t de Student (p<0,05). Não foram observadas alterações clínicas ou nos níveis de cálcio após a cirurgia e, apesar dos níveis de cálcio após a cirurgia terem diminuído, essa variação não foi significativa (p=0,149). Os níveis séricos de creatinina aumentaram significativamente (p=0,026). Estes resultados sugerem que a técnica descrita é segura e que pode ser curativa em determinados casos de hipertireoidismo felino sem doença renal prévia.(AU)

Thyroid neoplasia is the primary indication for thyroidectomy in cats. Several techniques for thyroidectomy in cats have been described, but a simplified extracapsular thyroidectomy that includes transplantation of the parathyroid gland minimizes the risk of postoperative parathyroid failure resulting in life-threatening hypocalcemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of unilateral thyroidectomy with parathyroid gland transplantation in hyperthyroid cats. Eight cats were determined to be hyperthyroid based upon physical examination and laboratorial panel and were treating by surgery. The cats were evaluated on days 1, 2, 7, 15 and 21 after the surgery, including blood draw for serum ionized calcium testing. On day 7, serum creatinine and total thyroxine testing was also performed. To test for differences between the means of pre and post treatment, ANOVA One-Way and Scheffe test were performed to evaluate ionized calcium and Student test used to evaluate serum creatinina. A P value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Surgical complications were not observed. Comparison of the pre- and post-surgical ionized calcium level indicated no significant difference (p=0,149). However, there was a significant increase in serum creatinine concentration (p=0.026). Unilateral thyroidectomy with parathyroid gland transplantation was effective and safe for hyperthyroid cats with gland unilateral involvement without renal disease.(AU)

Complicações pós-operatórias em gatos hipertireoideos submetidos / à tireoidectomia unilateral / Unilateral thyroidectomy complications in hyperthyroid cats

Gatos com hipertireoidismo podem se beneficiar do tratamento cirúrgico em algumas situações, como em casos de neoplasias e intolerância a medicação. Várias técnicas já foram descritas sendo a tireoidectomia com implantação da glândula paratireóide em etapas a que mais minimiza o risco de hipocalcemia pós-cirúrgica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis complicações pós-operatórias em gatos com hipertireoidismo submetidos à técnica de tireoidectomia unilateral com implantação da glândula paratireóide. Oito gatos com diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial de hipertireoidismo foram operados e seus níveis de cálcio ionizado avaliados com 24 e 48 horas, sete, quinze e 21 dias após a cirurgia. Resultados de exames laboratoriais (hemograma, ureia, creatinina, e tiroxina total) foram coletados sete dias após a cirurgia e comparados com os resultados obtidos no pré-operatório. Uma Análise de Variância (ANOVA One-Way) e o teste de Scheffe foram utilizados para avaliar os resultados do cálcio ionizado, enquanto que para a análise dos resultados da creatinina foi utilizado o teste t de Student (p<0,05). Não foram observadas alterações clínicas ou nos níveis de cálcio após a cirurgia e, apesar dos níveis de cálcio após a cirurgia terem diminuído, essa variação não foi significativa (p=0,149). Os níveis séricos de creatinina aumentaram significativamente (p=0,026). Estes resultados sugerem que a técnica descrita é segura e que pode ser curativa em determinados casos de hipertireoidismo felino sem doença renal prévia.

Thyroid neoplasia is the primary indication for thyroidectomy in cats. Several techniques for thyroidectomy in cats have been described, but a simplified extracapsular thyroidectomy that includes transplantation of the parathyroid gland minimizes the risk of postoperative parathyroid failure resulting in life-threatening hypocalcemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of unilateral thyroidectomy with parathyroid gland transplantation in hyperthyroid cats. Eight cats were determined to be hyperthyroid based upon physical examination and laboratorial panel and were treating by surgery. The cats were evaluated on days 1, 2, 7, 15 and 21 after the surgery, including blood draw for serum ionized calcium testing. On day 7, serum creatinine and total thyroxine testing was also performed. To test for differences between the means of pre and post treatment, ANOVA One-Way and Scheffe test were performed to evaluate ionized calcium and Student test used to evaluate serum creatinina. A P value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Surgical complications were not observed. Comparison of the pre- and post-surgical ionized calcium level indicated no significant difference (p=0,149). However, there was a significant increase in serum creatinine concentration (p=0.026). Unilateral thyroidectomy with parathyroid gland transplantation was effective and safe for hyperthyroid cats with gland unilateral involvement without renal disease.

Intoxicação por fenazopiridina em felino: relato de caso / Phenazopyridine Administration in a Feline Patient: Case Report

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever um caso de intoxicação por fenazopiridina, rotineiramente utilizado como anti-sépticos de vias urinárias em humanos, em um felino. O animal apresentou sinais de metemoglobinemia, que incluíam taquipinéia, cianose das mucosas e depressão quatro dias após o início da terapia com o medicamento em questão. O diagnóstico foi confirmado através da análise hematológica, que evidenciou a coloração amarronzada e presença de corpúsculos de Heinz no sangue do animal(AU)

Drugs commonly used as urinary analgesic and antiseptics in human patients are not indicated in cats with lower urinary tract diseases. They mat cause erythrocyes oxidative injury, methemoglobinemia and Heinz body anemia. The reported case describes clinical signs and treatment in a female Siamese vat presented with anemia, cyanosis and tachypnea after five days of phenazopyridine therapy(AU)

Intoxicação por fenazopiridina em felino: relato de caso / Phenazopyridine Administration in a Feline Patient: Case Report

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever um caso de intoxicação por fenazopiridina, rotineiramente utilizado como anti-sépticos de vias urinárias em humanos, em um felino. O animal apresentou sinais de metemoglobinemia, que incluíam taquipinéia, cianose das mucosas e depressão quatro dias após o início da terapia com o medicamento em questão. O diagnóstico foi confirmado através da análise hematológica, que evidenciou a coloração amarronzada e presença de corpúsculos de Heinz no sangue do animal

Drugs commonly used as urinary analgesic and antiseptics in human patients are not indicated in cats with lower urinary tract diseases. They mat cause erythrocyes oxidative injury, methemoglobinemia and Heinz body anemia. The reported case describes clinical signs and treatment in a female Siamese vat presented with anemia, cyanosis and tachypnea after five days of phenazopyridine therapy

Diabetes insipidus central em um gato: relato de caso / Central diabetes insipidus in a cat: case report

O diabetes insípidus é uma enfermidade rara nos animais domésticos caracterizada por uma intensa poliúria e polidipsia secundária. Um gato foi examinado com a principal queixa de poliúra e polidipsia. O diagnóstico de diabetes insipidus central foi baseado em uma hipostenúria persistente com incapacidade de concentrar urina em resposta à privação hídrica e numa resposta positiva após a administração exógena do hormônio antidiurético. O tratamento com a DDAVP (1 desamino-8-D-arginina vasopressina) administrado no saco conjuntival a cada 12 horas controlou os sintomas(AU)

Diabetes insipidus is a rare disease of animals characterized by diuresis of dilute urine, with secondary polydipsia. A 1 year-old, male cat was presented for examination because polyuria and polydipsia. Central diabetes insipidus was diagnosed, based on persistent hyposthenuria with failure to concentrate urine in response to water deprivation and positive response to antidiuretic hormone administration. Treatment with DDAVP (1 desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) given in the conjunctival sac every 12 hours controlled the symptoms(AU)

Diabetes insipidus central em um gato: relato de caso / Central diabetes insipidus in a cat: case report

O diabetes insípidus é uma enfermidade rara nos animais domésticos caracterizada por uma intensa poliúria e polidipsia secundária. Um gato foi examinado com a principal queixa de poliúra e polidipsia. O diagnóstico de diabetes insipidus central foi baseado em uma hipostenúria persistente com incapacidade de concentrar urina em resposta à privação hídrica e numa resposta positiva após a administração exógena do hormônio antidiurético. O tratamento com a DDAVP (1 desamino-8-D-arginina vasopressina) administrado no saco conjuntival a cada 12 horas controlou os sintomas

Diabetes insipidus is a rare disease of animals characterized by diuresis of dilute urine, with secondary polydipsia. A 1 year-old, male cat was presented for examination because polyuria and polydipsia. Central diabetes insipidus was diagnosed, based on persistent hyposthenuria with failure to concentrate urine in response to water deprivation and positive response to antidiuretic hormone administration. Treatment with DDAVP (1 desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) given in the conjunctival sac every 12 hours controlled the symptoms

Estudo preliminar do hipertiroidismo felino: perfil clínico e laboratorial de 43 casos / Preliminary study of feline hyperthyroidism: Pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of 43 cases (1999-2006)

Descritos em 43 gatos no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Desses, 33 (77%) eram sem raça definida, 7 (17%) siameses e 3(6%) persas. Quanto ao sexo, 12(28%) eram machos e 31(72%) fêmeas. A idade média dos felinos foi em média de 13 anos de idade. Os achados clínicos incluíram perda de pesa (32%), vômito (19%), diarréia (11%), polifagia (11%), poliúria (6%), polidpsia (8%), diminuição do apetite e depressão (4%). A glândula da tireóide foi palpada em 34,8% dos gatos. Em média, a concentração sérica da tiroxina total foi 72.7 ng/m1), duas vezes acima do que dois desvios do valor de referência. Outra alteração observada freqüentemente foi o aumento da atividade enzimática da ALT (79%), fosfatase alcalina (44%), bem como, elevação da uréia e creatinina. A presença de hipertensão foi detectada em 8 dos 12 gatos(AU)

The frequency and the clinical and laboratorial findings about hyperthyroidism are described in 43 cats in a town of the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). 33 (77%) of them were without a breed definition; 7 (17%) Siamese and 3 (6%) Persian. Related to sex, 12 (28%) were male and 31 (71%) female. The average age was 13 years old. The clinical findings included weight loss (32%), regurgitation (19%), diarrhea (11%), polyphagia (11%), polyuria (6%), polydipsia (8%), appetite decrease and depression (4%). The thyroid gland was palpable in 34.8% of the cats. In average, the total serum concentration of the thyroxine was 72.7 ng/mL; twice higher than the two reference value deviations. Other alteration often observed was the increase of the ALT serum (79%), AF (44%) as well as urea and creatinine raise. The high blood pressure presence was detected in 8 of the 12 cats(AU)

Estudo preliminar do hipertiroidismo felino: perfil clínico e laboratorial de 43 casos / Preliminary study of feline hyperthyroidism: Pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of 43 cases (1999-2006)

Descritos em 43 gatos no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Desses, 33 (77%) eram sem raça definida, 7 (17%) siameses e 3(6%) persas. Quanto ao sexo, 12(28%) eram machos e 31(72%) fêmeas. A idade média dos felinos foi em média de 13 anos de idade. Os achados clínicos incluíram perda de pesa (32%), vômito (19%), diarréia (11%), polifagia (11%), poliúria (6%), polidpsia (8%), diminuição do apetite e depressão (4%). A glândula da tireóide foi palpada em 34,8% dos gatos. Em média, a concentração sérica da tiroxina total foi 72.7 ng/m1), duas vezes acima do que dois desvios do valor de referência. Outra alteração observada freqüentemente foi o aumento da atividade enzimática da ALT (79%), fosfatase alcalina (44%), bem como, elevação da uréia e creatinina. A presença de hipertensão foi detectada em 8 dos 12 gatos

The frequency and the clinical and laboratorial findings about hyperthyroidism are described in 43 cats in a town of the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). 33 (77%) of them were without a breed definition; 7 (17%) Siamese and 3 (6%) Persian. Related to sex, 12 (28%) were male and 31 (71%) female. The average age was 13 years old. The clinical findings included weight loss (32%), regurgitation (19%), diarrhea (11%), polyphagia (11%), polyuria (6%), polydipsia (8%), appetite decrease and depression (4%). The thyroid gland was palpable in 34.8% of the cats. In average, the total serum concentration of the thyroxine was 72.7 ng/mL; twice higher than the two reference value deviations. Other alteration often observed was the increase of the ALT serum (79%), AF (44%) as well as urea and creatinine raise. The high blood pressure presence was detected in 8 of the 12 cats

ptos / Mediastinal limphoma in cats

O linfoma é definido como tumor maligno linfóide que se origina de organismos sólidos. Gatos com linfoma mediastinal são tipicamente jovens e soropositivos para FeLV e apresentam como sinais clínicos tosse, dispnéia, regurgitação e engasgos. O diagnóstico presuntivo é realizado pelo estudo radiográfico e ultra-sonográfico da cavidade torácica, sendo confirmado pela análise do fluido obtido ou pela histopatologia da massa mediastinal. Os protocolos quimioterápicos têm tido grande sucesso no tratamento de gatos com linfoma e a taxa de remissão é de aproximadamente 60 a 75% com intervalo de remissão de 251 dias, dependendo da forma anatômica e a situação da positividade para o vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) o indicador mais significativo para um prognóstico positivo é a resposta inicial à quimioterapia. Em geral, gatos que sobrevivem ao período de indução e alcançam remissão completa têm melhor resultado a longo prazo(AU)

Lymphoma is defined as a lymphoid malignancy that originates from solid orgns. Cats with mediastinal lymphoma usually are typically young and FeLV-positive, and present for evaluation of dyspnea, coughing, or regurgitation. Thoracic radiographs may demonstrate an anterior mediastinal mass; however, a confirmatory Cytologic or hystologic diagnosis should be obtained. Chemotherapy is considered to be the most effective treatment for lymphoma in cats. Remission rates in cats with lymphoma are approximately 60 a 75% and median remission intervals of up 251 days, depending on anatomic type and FeLV status. The most significant prognostic indicator for positive outcome is initial response to chemotherapy. In general, cats that survive the initial induction period and achieve remission generally have a better long-term outcome(AU)