Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Holistic Admission Review in Graduate Advanced Nursing Programs.

BACKGROUND: There are strong recommendations and high demand for the use of holistic admission review (HAR). However, there is no study exploring and identifying barriers and facilitators to implementing HAR in health care education programs. METHOD: This qualitative descriptive study aimed to understand the key determinants influencing the integration of HAR in graduate advanced nursing programs. Two online focus groups with content analysis were used to identify barriers and facilitators. RESULTS: The findings highlight 39 key determinants of HAR implementation in the graduate advanced nursing program; the determinants included four neutral influencing factors, 18 barriers, and 17 facilitators. These influencing factors aligned with all four domains in the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and with 20 of the 39 CFIR constructs. CONCLUSION: By taking into account the facilitators and barriers, graduate advanced nursing programs may use effective implementation strategies to integrate HAR changes and guide their evolving admissions processes. [J Nurs Educ. 2023;62(10):570-574.].

Mechanical ventilation of the anesthetized patient.

Patients who require general anesthesia to undergo a surgical procedure often require mechanical ventilation during the perioperative period. Ventilators incorporated into modern anesthesia machines offer various options for patient management. The unique effects of general anesthesia and surgery on pulmonary physiology must be considered when selecting an individualized plan for mechanical ventilation during the perioperative period. In this article, the pulmonary effects of general anesthesia are reviewed and available options for mechanical ventilation of the anesthetized patient during the perioperative period are presented.

Alveolar recruitment maneuvers under general anesthesia: a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The sigh is a normal homeostatic reflex that maintains lung compliance and decreases atelectasis. General anesthesia abolishes the sigh reflex with rapid onset of atelectasis in 100% of patients. Studies show a strong correlation between atelectasis and postoperative pulmonary complications, raising health-care costs. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers recruit collapsed alveoli, increase gas exchange, and improve arterial oxygenation. There is no consensus in the literature about the benefits of alveolar recruitment maneuvers. A systematic review is necessary to delineate their usefulness. METHODS: The search strategy included utilizing PubMed, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, and all subsequent research reference lists up to January 2014. Inclusion criteria involved studies that compared the use of an alveolar recruitment maneuver with a control group lacking an alveolar recruitment maneuver in adult surgical subjects not suffering from ARDS or undergoing cardiac or thoracic surgeries. RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials of the 439 studies initially identified achieved a score of ≥ 3 on the Jadad scale and were included in this review. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers consisted of a stepwise increase in tidal volume to a plateau pressure of 30 cm H2O, a stepwise increase in PEEP to 20 cm H2O, or sustained manual inflations of the anesthesia reservoir bag to a peak inspiratory pressure of 40 cm H2O. Subjects in the alveolar recruitment maneuver groups experienced a higher intraoperative PaO2 with improved lung compliance. Different alveolar recruitment maneuvers were equally effective. There was a significant advantage when alveolar recruitment maneuvers were followed by PEEP application. CONCLUSIONS: Alveolar recruitment maneuvers followed by PEEP should be instituted after induction of general anesthesia, routinely during maintenance, and in the presence of a falling SpO2 whenever feasible. They allow the anesthesia provider to reduce the FIO2 while maintaining a higher SpO2 , limiting the masking of shunts. Utilization of alveolar recruitment maneuvers may reduce postoperative pulmonary complications and improve patient outcomes.

Alveolar recruitment maneuvers: are your patients missing out?

Awake, spontaneously breathing humans sigh on average 9 to 10 times per hour. The sigh is a normal homeostatic reflex proposed to maintain pulmonary compliance and decrease the formation of atelectasis by recruiting collapsed alveoli. The induction and maintenance of anesthesia with muscle paralysis and a fixed tidal volume abolish the sigh. Without periodic sighs, patients are left susceptible to atelectasis and its negative sequelae. The prevalence of atelectasis has been estimated to be as high as 100% in patients undergoing general anesthesia. A strong correlation between atelectasis and postoperative pulmonary complications has been demonstrated. Postoperative pulmonary complications lengthen hospital stays and increase healthcare costs. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers, which make up one component of open lung ventilation, have been described as vital capacity breaths, double tidal volume breaths, and sigh breaths. These simple maneuvers result in a sustained increase in airway pressure that serves to recruit collapsed alveoli and improve arterial oxygenation. This article examines the literature regarding the application of alveolar recruitment maneuvers in the perioperative setting. The format is a series of clinically oriented questions posed to help the reader translate available evidence into practice.

Sex differences in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in multiple murine strains.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is more prevalent in women than men. We evaluated seven different mouse strains commonly used in the study of autoimmune diseases, for sex differences in the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Greater severity of EAE was observed in the female SJL immunized with two different peptides of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as well as in the female ASW relative to males. Female NZW mice showed a greater incidence of EAE than males. However, male B10.PL and PL/J mice showed more severe disease than females. No sex differences were noted in the C57BL/6 or NOD strains.