ABSTRACT
The Smyth line is characterized by an autoimmune loss of melanin in the feather and eye in association with a hypermelanizing melanocyte, which presumably triggers immune system intervention. Inheritance appears to be multigenic. The present study was designed to determine if eumelanin-enhancing modifiers influence the incidence and severity of the line-associated amelanosis. Smyth chicks with dark brown (eb) down had a higher incidence of amelanosis (P less than .01) than did their hatchmates with light brown down. Furthermore, parents with dark down at hatch produced a higher incidence of amelanotic progeny than parents with light down. Reciprocal crosses of the Smyth line to a highly eumelanized (eb/eb) Recessive Black (RB) line produced F1 amelanosis. However, sires from the Smyth line produced significantly more amelanotics than did RB males (P less than .01). The influence of dark down on amelanotic development was also apparent in the Smyth-RBF1. The use of amelanotic F1 parents produced a significantly higher incidence of affected F2 offspring than did the use of unaffected parents. A backcross to the Smyth line produced an incidence of 67.6% amelanosis, whereas only one chick (2.04%) developed amelanosis from an F1 x RB mating. The finding that dark-downed Smyth chicks exhibit, and subsequently produce, a significantly higher incidence of amelanosis supports ultrastructural observations that associate the Smyth line amelanosis with a hyperactive melanocyte. The unusually high expression of amelanosis (22.7%) in the Smyth-RB F1 suggests that the two lines share one or more common eumelanogenic genetic factors.
Subject(s)
Autoimmune Diseases/veterinary , Chickens , Melanins/genetics , Pigmentation Disorders/veterinary , Poultry Diseases/genetics , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Autoimmune Diseases/genetics , Female , Gene Expression , Incidence , Least-Squares Analysis , Male , Mutation , Phenotype , Pigmentation Disorders/geneticsABSTRACT
Significant control of tomato root knot was achieved by applications of the lectins Concanavalin A (Con A) and Limax flavus agglutinin in greenhouse, growth chamber, and microplot trials. Four consecutive weekly applications at lower concentrations of Con A yielded better control than single applications at a higher total concentration. The present state of knowledge on binding of Con A to soil nematodes and the in vitro effect of this lectin in chemotactic behavior are discussed. The mode of action of Con A on root-knot control is unknown.
ABSTRACT
Treatment with mannosidase or sialidase completely inhibited chemotactic responses of Caenorhabditis elegans wild type, C. elegans mutants CB1377 (daf-6)X and CB1379 (che-3)I, and Panagrellus redivivus to a source of attractants. Trypsin (EC3.4.21.4) caused a partial reduction in the level of chemoresponse. Normal chemotaxis was renewed within 20 hr following exposure to the enzymes. Other enzymes tested had no effect. Experimental and supporting evidence is presented that behavioral modification resulted from functional impairments to receptors located within chemosensory sensilla.
Subject(s)
Caenorhabditis/physiology , Chemoreceptor Cells/physiology , Chemotaxis/drug effects , Hydrolases/pharmacology , Nematoda/physiology , Animals , Caenorhabditis/drug effects , Chemoreceptor Cells/analysis , Mannosidases/pharmacology , Models, Biological , Movement/drug effects , Nematoda/drug effects , Neuraminidase/pharmacology , Trypsin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The stability and color of purified cyanidin-3-glucoside and raspberry juice extract in the presence of selected metal ions was investigated. Production of metal-anthocyanin complexes was suggested by changes in color of the samples as shown by L, a, and hue angle values. Complex formation was indicated by HPLC in raspberry juice samples treated with Sn++ but not in samples of purified cyanidin-3-glucoside. According to the colorimetric values, complex formation occurs with cyanidin-3-glucoside and A1+++ at pH 2.0 and 3.0 and with Sn++ at pH 4.0 and 3.0. Similar complex formation occurs with these metals and raspberry juice extract at the same respective pH values.
ABSTRACT
Analyses were of lactoferrin and mastitis of milk samples taken every other month from 830 Holstein cows in eight herds for 1 yr. Patterns of variation and amounts in lactation, colostrum, and dry period were similar to reports. In negative mastitis tests of milk samples, lactoferrin content was lower during lactation and lower as age of the cow advanced than for positive tests. However, heritability of mastitis was .14, whereas for lactoferrin was .44 in records of 289 cows. This latter is high enough to be useful but unreliable with large standard error .30. Several sire groups differed significantly.
