ABSTRACT
A hydrazinonicotinamide-functionalized cyclic glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptor antagonist [cyclo(D-Val-NMeArg-Gly-Asp-Mamb(5-(6-(6-hydrazinonicotin amido)hexanamide))) (HYNICtide)] was labeled with 99mTc using tricine and a water soluble phosphine [trisodium triphenylphosphine-3,3',3"-trisulfonate (TPPTS); disodium triphenylphosphine-3,3'-disulfonate (TPPDS); or sodium triphenylphosphine-3-monosulfonate (TPPMS)] as coligands. Three complexes, [99mTc(HYNICtide)(L)(tricine)] (1, L = TPPTS; 2, L = TPPDS; 3, L = TPPMS), were evaluated in the canine arteriovenous shunt (AV shunt) model and canine deep vein thrombosis imaging (DVT) model. All three agents were adequately incorporated into the arterial and venous portions of the growing thrombus (7.8-9.9 and 0.2-3.7% ID/g, respectively) in the canine AV shunt model. In the canine DVT model all three complexes had thrombus uptake that far exceeded the negative control, [99mTc]albumin. The findings indicate similar incorporation into a venous thrombus (% ID/g = 2.86 +/- 0.4, 3.4 +/- 0.9, and 3.38 +/- 1.1 for complexes 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and similar blood clearance with a t1/2 of approximately 90 min. Gamma camera scintigraphy allowed visualization of deep vein thrombosis in as little as 15 min with the thrombus/muscle ratios being 3.8 +/- 0.8, 2.8 +/- 0.4, and 3.0 +/- 0.8 for complexes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The visualization of the thrombus improved over time, and the thrombus/muscle ratios were 9.7 +/- 1.9, 13.8 +/- 3.6, and 9.4 +/- 2 for complexes 1, 2, and 3, respectively, at 120 min postinjection. The administration of complexes 1-3 did not alter platelet function, hemodynamics, or the coagulation cascade. Furthermore, complexes 1-3 did not significantly differ in their uptake into the growing thrombus, blood clearance, and target to background ratios. Therefore, all three complexes have the capability to detect rapidly growing venous and arterial thrombi.
Subject(s)
Organotechnetium Compounds/chemical synthesis , Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex/antagonists & inhibitors , Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging , Animals , Blood Platelets/diagnostic imaging , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Dogs , Female , Fibrinogen/metabolism , Glycine/analogs & derivatives , Glycine/chemical synthesis , Glycine/chemistry , Hemodynamics , Hydrazines/chemical synthesis , Hydrazines/chemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Ligands , Male , Molecular Structure , Niacinamide/chemical synthesis , Niacinamide/chemistry , Organotechnetium Compounds/chemistry , Phosphines/chemical synthesis , Phosphines/chemistry , Radionuclide Imaging , Solubility , Thrombosis/blood , Thrombosis/physiopathology , WaterABSTRACT
A series of 99mTc-labeled cyclic glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists, [99mTcO(L1-III)]-, [99mTcO-(L6-III)]-, [99mTcO(L1-V)]-, and [99mTcO(L6-V)]-, were evaluated in a canine arteriovenous (AV) shunt model for their potential use as thrombus imaging agents. The thrombus formed consists of a platelet-rich head and a fibrin-rich tail. All four agents were incorporated into the growing thrombus under both arterial (platelet-rich) and venous (platelet-poor) conditions. The rank order for uptake was [99mTcO(L1-V)]- > [99mTcO(L6-V)]- > [99mTcO(L6-III)]- > [99mTcO(L1-III)]- (arterial range, 5.8-0.47% id/g; venous range, 0.58-0.04% id/g). The uptakes of both [99mTcO(L6-III)]- and [99mTcO-(L1-III)]- under both arterial and venous conditions were not significantly greater than that of [99mTc]-albumin and [125I]fibrinogen. In contrast, the uptakes of both [99mTcO(L1-V)]- and [99mTcO(L6-V)]- were significantly greater than those of [99mTc]albumin and [125I]fibrinogen and comparable to that of [111In]platelets under both arterial and venous conditions. All four [99mTc]chelator-peptide conjugates are cleared faster than the controls with the clearance of the conjugates of peptide III faster than that of the conjugates of peptide V. The differences in incorporation are attributable to the effect of both the cyclic peptide and the chelator. The conjugate [99mTcO(L1-V)]- was also studied using a canine DVT (deep vein thrombosis) model. [99mTcO(L1-V)]- was actively incorporated into the growing thrombus with images clearly detectable within 15 min postinjection. At 2 h postinjection, thrombus/blood and thrombus/muscle ratios [region of interest (ROI)/background] were approximately 7/1 and 10/1, respectively. This clearly demonstrated that the conjugate [99mTcO(L1-V)]- has the potential for rapid diagnosis of thrombolic events occurring under both arterial and venous conditions.
