ABSTRACT
Hepatitis B vaccine （HepB） vaccination is the safest and most effective means of preventing hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection. HepB non-response is influenced by multiple factors， and solving the problem of poor immune response after HepB vaccination is of great significance for controlling HBV infection. Bile acids play an important role in human immune regulation， and whether bile acids have an effect on the HepB immune response has not been definitively studied. This article reviews the correlation between bile acids and HepB immune response， and provides a reference for further clarifying the pathogenesis and immunoprevention of bile acids in vaccine immunity.
ABSTRACT
Vaccination for children and adolescents is an effective strategy for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However， clinical reports showed that vaccination may be associated with epilepsy or seizures， potentially increasing public hesitancy about vaccination， and affecting vaccination coverage. At present， no evidence showed that vaccination could damage the nervous system and cause epilepsy or seizures. In this review， we explore the association of multiple vaccinations in children and adolescents with epilepsy or seizures， and further understand the safety of vaccination， thereby improving vaccine coverage in China.
ABSTRACT
Loureirin A is a major active component of Draconis sanguis, a traditional Chinese medicine. This work aimed to investigate the activity of loureirin A against Candida albicans biofilms. 2, 3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT)reduction assay and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the anti-biofilm effect. Minimal inhibitory concentration testing and time-kill curve assay were used to evaluate fungicidal activity. Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) assay and hyphal formation experiment were respectively carried out to investigate adhesion and morphological transition, two virulence traits of C. albicans. Real-time RT-PCR was used to investigate gene expression. Galleria mellonella-C. albicans and Caenorhabditis elegans-C. albicans infection models were used to evaluate the in-vivo antifungal effect. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and C. elegans nematodes were used to evaluate the toxicity ofloureirin A. Our data indicated that loureirin A had a significant effect on inhibiting C. albicans biofilms, decreasing CSH, and suppressing hyphal formation. Consistently, loureirin A down-regulated the expression of some adhesion-related genes and hypha/biofilm-related genes. Moreover, loureirin A prolonged the survival of Galleria mellonella and Caenorhabditis elegans in C. albicans infection models and exhibited low toxicity. Collectively, loureirin A inhibits fungal biofilms, and this effect may be associated with the suppression of pathogenic traits, adhesion and hyphal formation.
