ABSTRACT
The role of cardiac troponins as diagnostic biomarkers of myocardial injury in the context of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is well established. Since the initial 1st-generation assays, 5th-generation high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays have been developed, and are now widely used. However, its clinical adoption preceded guidelines and even best practice evidence. This review summarizes the history of cardiac biomarkers with particular emphasis on hs-cTn. We aim to provide insights into using hs-cTn as a quantitative marker of cardiomyocyte injury to help in the differential diagnosis of coronary versus non-coronary cardiac diseases. We also review the recent evidence and guidelines of using hs-cTn in suspected ACS.
Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/blood , Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnosis , Troponin/blood , Biological Assay/methods , Biomarkers/metabolism , Early Diagnosis , Humans , Primary Prevention/methods , Troponin/metabolismABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Increased oxidative stress is associated with various diseases and aging, while adaptation to heat stress is an important determinant of survival and contributes to longevity. However, the impact of oxidative stress on heat resistance remains largely unclear. AIM: In this study we investigated how oxidative stress impinges on heat stress responses. RESULTS: We report that hydrogen-peroxide (H(2)O(2)) pretreatment inhibits both acquired thermotolerance and heat-induced Hsp70 expression in mammalian cells, as well as acquired thermotolerance in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, via RNA interference. Moreover, we demonstrate that elimination of RNA interference by silencing key enzymes in microRNA biogenesis, dcr-1 or pash-1, restores the diminished intrinsic thermotolerance of aged and H(2)O(2)-elimination compromised (catalase-2 and peroxiredoxin-2 deficient) worms. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION: These results uncover a novel post-transcriptional element in the regulation of heat stress adaptation under oxidative conditions that may have implications in disease susceptibility and aging.
Subject(s)
Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/genetics , RNA Interference/physiology , Animals , COS Cells , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism , Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology , Chlorocebus aethiops , HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics , HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism , Heat-Shock Response/drug effects , Heat-Shock Response/genetics , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Microscopy, FluorescenceABSTRACT
Molecular chaperones and the heat shock response guard and modulate protein conformation, protect proteins from misfolding and aggregation, and maintain signalling and organellar networks. Overnutrition and the metabolic syndrome represent a pro-aging condition, and dietary restriction is the most robust environmental intervention that induces longevity from yeast to mammals. In recent years a considerable effort has been made to elucidate the signaling pathways involved in metabolic signaling. Here we review the current understanding on the connection between metabolic stress, dietary restriction and the heat shock response and highlight results showing chaperone induction as a promising therapeutic strategy to promote healthy aging and to prevent metabolic disorders.
