Ni electrodes with 3D-ordered surface structures for boosting bubble releasing toward high current density alkaline water splitting.

The performance of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) at high current densities is limited by gas bubble generation on the surface of electrodes, which covers active sites and blocks mass transfer, resulting in lower AWE efficiency. Here, we utilize electro-etching to construct Ni electrodes with hydrophilic and aerophobic surfaces to improve the efficiency of AWE. Ni atoms on the Ni surface can be exfoliated orderly along the crystal planes by electro-etching, forming micro-nano-scale rough surfaces with multiple crystal planes exposed. The 3D-ordered surface structures increase the exposure of active sites and promote the removal of bubbles on the surface of the electrode during the AWE process. In addition, experimental results from high-speed camera reveal that rapidly released bubbles can improve the local circulation of electrolyte. Lastly, the accelerated durability test based on practical working condition demonstrates that the 3D-ordered surface structures are robust and durable during the AWE process.

Combining BERT Model with Semi-Supervised Incremental Learning for Heterogeneous Knowledge Fusion of High-Speed Railway On-Board System.

On-board system fault knowledge base (KB) is a collection of fault causes, maintenance methods, and interrelationships among on-board modules and components of high-speed railways, which plays a crucial role in knowledge-driven dynamic operation and maintenance (O&M) decisions for on-board systems. To solve the problem of multi-source heterogeneity of on-board system O&M data, an entity matching (EM) approach using the BERT model and semi-supervised incremental learning is proposed. The heterogeneous knowledge fusion task is formulated as a pairwise binary classification task of entities in the knowledge units. Firstly, the deep semantic features of fault knowledge units are obtained by BERT. We also investigate the effectiveness of knowledge unit features extracted from different hidden layers of the model on heterogeneous knowledge fusion during model fine-tuning. To further improve the utilization of unlabeled test samples, a semi-supervised incremental learning strategy based on pseudo labels is devised. By selecting entity pairs with high confidence to generate pseudo labels, the label sample set is expanded to realize incremental learning and enhance the knowledge fusion ability of the model. Furthermore, the model's robustness is strengthened by embedding-based adversarial training in the fine-tuning stage. Based on the on-board system's O&M data, this paper constructs the fault KB and compares the model with other solutions developed for related matching tasks, which verifies the effectiveness of this model in the heterogeneous knowledge fusion task of the on-board system.

Direct Propylene Epoxidation with Molecular Oxygen over Cobalt-Containing Zeolites.

Direct propylene epoxidation with molecular oxygen is a dream reaction with 100% atom economy, but aerobic epoxidation is challenging because of the undesired over-oxidation and isomerization of epoxide products. Herein, we report the construction of uniform cobalt ions confined in faujasite zeolite, namely, Co@Y, which exhibits unprecedented catalytic performance in the aerobic epoxidation of propylene. Propylene conversion of 24.6% is achieved at propylene oxide selectivity of 57% at 773 K, giving a state-of-the-art propylene oxide production rate of 4.7 mmol/gcat/h. The catalytic performance of Co@Y is very stable, and no activity loss can be observed for over 200 h. Spectroscopic analyses reveal the details of molecular oxygen activation on isolated cobalt ions, followed by interaction with propylene to produce epoxide, in which the Co2+-Coδ+-Co2+ (2 < δ < 3) redox cycle is involved. The reaction pathway of propylene oxide and byproduct acrolein formation from propylene epoxidation is investigated by density functional theory calculations, and the unique catalytic performance of Co@Y is interpreted. This work presents an explicit example of constructing specific transition-metal ions within the zeolite matrix toward selective catalytic oxidations.

Effect of mesenchymal stem cells on biomechanics of stress fracture rabbit model after healing.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the biomechanics of stress-fractured rabbits after healing. Twenty-Four New Zealand white rabbits were selected to establish a stress fracture model. All rabbits were randomly divided into model group and MSCs group, and another 12 rabbits were chosen as control group. Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL) in the model group decreased significantly, and the OPG/RANKL ratio decreased (p<0.05). Compared with the model group, the mRNA expression levels of b-FGF, VEGF, OPG and RANKL in the MSCs group were significantly increased, and the OPG/RANKL ratio increased (p<0.05). Compared with the model group, the healing and bone mineral density in the MSCs group increased significantly (p<0.05), the biomechanical parameters (maximum load, elastic load, stiffness and maximum deflection) of the rabbits in the MSCs group were significantly improved (p<0.05). In conclusion, MSCs can significantly improve the bone mineral density of stress-fractured white rabbits; promote the release of bone formation factors and fracture healing, which can provide guidance for clinical treatment of stress fractures.

Carbamylated Erythropoietin Alleviates Kidney Damage in Diabetic Rats by Suppressing Oxidative Stress.

The oxidative stress response plays an important role in the occurrence and development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It has become a new treatment target for DKD. In the current study, the effects of carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) on renal oxidative stress and damage in diabetic rats were examined. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally administered with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin to establish the diabetes model. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n=6 each): diabetes model group (DM group), DM + CEPO treatment group (DC group), DM + CEPO + EPO receptor (EPOR) blocking peptide treatment group (DCEB group), and DM + CEPO + CD131 blocking peptide treatment group (DCCB group). Meanwhile, a normal control group (NC group, n=6) was set up. Kidney tissues and blood samples were obtained for evaluation of oxidative stress and renal function. The results showed that diabetic rats exhibited increased oxidative stress in the kidney and early pathological changes associated with DKD. Treatment with CEPO reduced oxidative stress and attenuated renal dysfunction. However, diabetic rats treated with the combination of CEPO and EPOR blocking peptide or CD131 blocking peptide showed increased oxidative stress and reduced renal function when compared with CEPO treatment alone group. These results suggested that CEPO can protect against kidney damage in DKD by inhibiting oxidative stress injury via EPOR-CD131 heterodimers.

Relay protection system of transmission line based on AI.

With the development of modern power systems, higher requirements are imposed on relay protection technology. Traditional relay protection and fault diagnosis technologies have been unable to meet the requirements of the continuous development of power systems, and relay protection systems based on artificial intelligence(AI) technology have received increasing attention. Therefore, this document first analyses the weaknesses of traditional broadcast line protection and uses the adaptability and self-learning of artificial intelligence(AI); to propose the concept of protection of a relay line based on AI. In combination with the artificial nervous network, the AI-based relay protection system shall be studied and the experimental model shall be developed. This paper validates it with simulation experiments. The research results show that for the analysis of the ANN test results of the subnetwork, the actual output of the subnetwork is very close to the ideal output, and the error does not exceed 0.2%. The system has good performance and high reliability.

[Effects of integration of micro-sprinkler irrigation and nitrogen on growth and development of winter wheat and water and fertilizer use efficiency]. / 微喷灌水氮一体化对冬小麦生长发育和水肥利用效率的影响.

Under the same irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate and after the corn stalks being returned to the field in the wheat-corn crop rotation area, we examined the effects of the integrated water and nitrogen mode of micro-sprinkler irrigation on the growth and development and water and fertilizer use efficiency of winter wheat. In 2016-2018, we conducted a two-year field experiment with six types of micro-sprinkler irrigation water and nitrogen integration modes and seven treatments during the growth period, and investigated the population dynamics, dry matter accumulation transfer during the filling period, and nutrient accumulation during the mature period. There were three modes of irrigation, W1(overwintering water + jointing water + grouting water, 600 m3·hm-2 for each), W2(overwintering water + regreening water + jointing water + grouting water, each for 450 m3·hm-2), and W3(600 m3·hm-2 each for overwintering water and jointing water, and 300 m3·hm-2 each for regreening water and grouting water); two modes of nitrogen application, N1(basic nitrogen application 60% + jointing water nitrogen topdressing 40%) and N2 (basic nitrogen application 60% + jointing water nitrogen topdressing 30% + grouting water nitrogen topdressing 10%); with no fertilization under W1 as control (CK). The results showed that: 1) The amount of overwintering water irrigation increased from 450 m3·hm-2to 600 m3·hm-2, which was beneficial to the total number of both stems and panicles in the overwintering period and consequently to yield. Irrigation in the regreening stage increased the total number of stems at the jointing stage, but with limited effect on the number of panicles. Applying more nitrogen at the jointing stage increased the number of stems per plant, but decreased that of panicles. 2) Four times of irrigation (W2 and W3) during the growth period, combined with nitrogen (N2) in the jointing and filling phases, were conducive to the accumulation of dry matter during the filling period, increasing the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight, thereby increasing yield. 3) Compared with the three times of irrigation treatment during the growth period, water consumption and absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium under the four times of irrigation treatment were increased, and water and fertilizer use efficiency was improved. In W2 and W3 under the treatment of four times irrigation, water consumption of N2 during the growth period was lower than N1, absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were higher than N1, and the irrigation and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were significantly improved, of which W3N2 had the best effect. Therefore, W3N2 treatment (sowing winter wheat after returning corn stalks to the field, irrigating four times during the growth period of micro-sprinkler irrigation, increasing the amount of overwintering water and jointing water irrigation to 600 m3·hm-2, combined with jointing water and filling water topdressing nitrogen fertilizer) increased spike number and 1000-grain weight of wheat andincreased yield, with the highest water and fertilizer use efficiency. It was the best water and nitrogen management mode for the integration of micro-sprinkler irrigation and water and fertilizer for winter wheat in southern Shanxi.

Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in patients aged 80 years and older.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised concern around the world as an epidemic or pandemic. As data on COVID-19 has grown, it has become clear that older adults have a disproportionately high rate of death from COVID-19. This study describes the early clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in patients with more than 80 years of age. METHODS: Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and treatment data from 17 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between January 20 and February 20, 2020 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Treatment outcomes among subgroups of patients with non-severe and severe symptoms of COVID-19 were compared. RESULTS: Of the 17 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the median age was 88.0 years (interquartile range, 86.6-90.0 years; range, 80.0-100.0 years) and 12 (70.6%) were men. The age distribution of patients was not significantly different between non-severe group and severe group. All patients had chronic pre-existing conditions. Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases were the most common chronic conditions in both subgroups. The most common symptoms at the onset of COVID-19 were fever (n = 13; 76.5%), fatigue (n = 11; 64.7%), and cough (n = 5; 29.4%). Lymphopenia was observed in all patients, and lymphopenia was significantly more severe in the severe group than that in non-severe group (0.4 × 109/L vs 1.2 × 109/L, P = 0.014). The level of serum creatinine was higher in the severe group than in the non-severe group (99.0 µmol/L vs 62.5 µmol/L, P = 0.038). The most common features of chest computed tomography images were nodular foci in 10 (58.8%) patients and pleural thickening in 7 (41.2%) patients. All patients received antiviral therapy, while some patients also received intravenous antibiotics therapy (76.5%), Chinese medicinal preparation therapy (Lianhuaqingwen capsule, 64.7%), corticosteroids (35.3%) or immunoglobin (29.4%). Eight patients (47.1%) were transferred to the intensive care unit because of complications. Ten patients (58.8%) received intranasal oxygen, while 3 (17.6%) received non-invasive mechanical ventilation, and 4 (23.5%) received high-flow oxygen. As of June 20, 7 (41.2%) patients had been discharged and 10 (58.8% of this cohort, 77.8% of severe patients) had died. CONCLUSION: The mortality of patients aged 80 years and older with severe COVID-19 symptoms was high. Lymphopenia was a characteristic laboratory result in these patients, and the severity of lymphopenia was indicative of the severity of COVID-19. However, the majority of patients with COVID-19 in this age cohort had atypical symptoms, and early diagnosis depends on prompt use of a viral nucleic acid test.

Ion exchange collaborating coordination substitution: More efficient Cr(VI) removal performance of a water-stable CuII-MOF material.

An unusual water-stable cationic metal-organic framework {[Cu(L)0.5(bpe)(H2O)](NO3)•(H2O)0.5}n (1) (H4L = bis(3,5-dicarboxypyridinium)-p-xylylene) was synthesized, which was developed into an effective capture material for removal chromate from water. The results show that this material efficiently traps HCrO4- pollutant ions via single-crystal to single-crystal (SCSC) coordination substitution process. The HCrO4- uptake capacity of 1 is high to 190 mg/g. Meaningfully, the structure of 1-HCrO4 ({[Cu(L)0.5(bpe)(HCrO4)]}n) can be accurately obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, where the chromate enter the framework to form stable coordination with central metal ions Cu2+. This is the first example of a stable coordination between chromate and the framework during the capture process. The captured HCrO4- are not dissociated easily into the solution due to the coordination bond. This interaction makes the enrichment of HCrO4- more stable and the capture capacity excellent. Furthermore, the HCrO4- releasing process displays good regeneration in a single crystal state, which further elaborates the reversible SCSC transformation. The mechanism of Cr(VI) removal was also confirmed by DFT calculation studies. This work provides a new way to design and develop efficient MOF capture materials.

[Regulation effects of irrigation methods and nitrogen application on soil water, nitrate, and wheat growth and development]. / 灌溉方法与施氮对土壤水分、硝态氮和小麦生长发育的调控效应.

Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of flooding irrigation (FI), micro-sprinkler irrigation (SI), drip irrigation (DI), combined with nitrogen application (N1:157.5 kg·hm-2 as basal, 67.5 kg·hm-2 top dressed at jointing stage; N2:157.5 kg·hm-2 as ba-sal, 45 kg·hm-2 and 22.5 kg·hm-2 top dressed at jointing stage and filling stage, respectively) on soil moisture, nitrate (NO3--N) content, and wheat growth and development, under maize straw returning to field. Results showed that irrigation methods and nitrogen application modes affected soil water content and soil water storage (SWS). Irrigation methods had limited effect on soil water content in the 0-60 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-160 cm soil depth at the booting and filling stages, 100-160 cm soil depth at the mature stage, but had substantial effect on water content in the 80-160 cm soil depth at the wintering and re-greening stages, 0-80 cm soil depth at the mature stage. The effects of irrigation methods on water content and SWS were in the order of FI>DI>SI. Under SI and DI, water content, SWS of soil layers, and their changes increased with increasing irrigation rate. Nitrogen application had obvious effect on NO3--N content in the 0-20 cm soil depth. In the SI, variation of NO3--N content among different growth stages was evident. In the DI, changes of NO3--N content were non-evident during wintering and booting stages, and were evident after booting stage, with opposite change treand in the FI. In general, NO3--N content was influenced by irrigation rate at early and middle stages of wheat growth, but was mainly affected by N application at late stage. In the SI and DI, NO3--N content changed larger by irrigation rate before winter. Total stem number and tillers per plant during overwintering period, panicle number rate, panicle number, yield, WUE and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were in the order of SI>DI>FI. In the SI and DI, total stem number and panicle number were higher in the N1 than that in the N2, but grain number per panicle, 1000-grain mass, yield, WUE and NUE were lower. Sowing wheat after maize straw returning to the field, replacing FI with micro-sprinkler irrigation four times during the wheat growth period, applying sufficient basal fertilizer and then topdressing at jointing and filling stages, are the high-efficiency and water-saving cultivation strategies of wheat in wheat-maize double cropping area in southern Shanxi.

Efficient Catalytic Performance for Acylation-Nazarov Cyclization Based on an Unusual Postsynthetic Oxidization Strategy in a Fe(II)-MOF.

A rare example of SC-SC triggered by Cu2+ heterogeneous oxidation was demonstrated in a Fe(II)-based MOF {[FeII3(L)2(H2O)6]·3H2O} n (1), which occurred a slow conversion into an oxidized MOF 2 ({[FeIII3(L)2(H2O)6]·3(OH)} n) with retention of single crystallinity. The FeII → FeIII progress of the reaction oxidation was proved by single crystal XRD, PXRD, XPS, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and UV-vis. We used 1 and 2 as catalysts to catalyze the tandem Nazarov cyclization, and the results show that acylation products were only harvested when 1 was a catalyst, while the oxidized transformer 2 lead mainly to the formation of cyclization products under identical conditions. Through the test of different substrates, 2 can be a good heterogeneous catalyst candidate for the formation of cyclopentenone[ b] benzenes. This work provides a new way to design efficient and hard-synthesized heterogeneous catalyst materials.

Metformin in combination with cisplatin inhibits cell viability and induces apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells by inactivating ERK 1/2.

Metformin protects against insulin resistance by restoring insulin sensitivity and may also possess anticancer activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of metformin alone or combined with cisplatin (DDP) on the cell viability and apoptosis of HO-8910 human ovarian cancer cells, and to investigate metformin as a potential novel therapeutic for treating ovarian cancer. The viability of HO-8910 cells was assessed using a cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay following treatment with different concentrations of metformin (0.01, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mM) and/or 5 µM of DDP. Flow cytometry was performed to examine cell apoptosis, and western blotting was used to measure the expression of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and caspase-3. The resultsof the present study revealed that metformin reduced the viability of HO-8910 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and induced cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Metformin combined with DDP evidently inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis. In addition, ERK1/2 and genes associated with apoptosis regulation, such as VEGF, VEGFR2, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3, exhibited differential expression in the HO-8910 cells. The present study demonstrated that expression of p-ERK1/2, VEGF, VEGFR2 and Bcl-2 was downregulated by treatment with increasing concentrations of metformin, whereas expression of Bax and caspase-3 was evidently upregulated. Taken together, these data demonstrate that metformin in combination with DDP reduces cell viability and induces apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells.

[Effects of deep plowing time during the fallow period on water storage-consumption characteristics and wheat yield in dry-land soil.] / 休闲期深翻时间对旱地麦田土壤水分特性和小麦产量的影响.

Through a three-year field trail, effects of deep plowing time during the fallow period on water storage of 0-200 cm soil before sowing, water consumption of growth period, and growth and development of wheat were investigated. Results demonstrated that soil water storage (SWS) of the fallow period was influenced by deep plowing time, precipitation, and rainfall distribution. With postponing the time of deep plowing in the fallow period, SWS was increased firstly, and then decreased. SWS with deep plowing in early or middle of August was 23.9-45.8 mm more than that with deep plowing in mid-July. It would benefit SWS when more precipitation occurred in the fallow period or more rainfall was distributed in August and September. Deep plowing at a proper time could facilitate SWS, N and P absorption of wheat, and the number of stems before winter and the spike number. The yield of wheat with deep plowing in early or middle August was 3.67%-18.2% higher than that with deep plowing in mid-July, and it was positively correlated with water storage of 0-200 cm soil during the fallow period and SWS of each soil layer during the wheat growth period. However, this correlation coefficient would be weakened by adequate rainfall in spring, the critical growing period for wheat. The time of deep plowing mainly affected the water consumption at soil layer of 60-140 cm during wheat growth. Under current farming conditions of south Shanxi, the increased grain yield of wheat could be achieved by combining the measures of high wheat stubble and wheat straw covering for holding soil water and deep plowing between the Beginning of Autumn (August 6th) and the Limit of Heat (August 21st) for promoting soil water penetration characteristics to improve the number of stems before winter and spike.

[Effects of different tillage methods on phospholipid fatty acids and enzyme activities in calcareous cinnamon soil].

In order to study changes of physical and chemical characteristics and microbial activities in soil under different tillage methods, effects of four tillage methods, rotary tillage (RT), subsoil tillage (ST), conventional tillage (CT) with corn straw returned to soil, and rotary tillage with no corn straw returned to soil (CK), on phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) characteristics and hydrolase enzymes activities in calcareous cinnamon soil were investigated. The results showed that soil hydrolase enzymes activities, nutrient contents, microbial diversity varied greatly with the different tillage methods. Returning corn straw to soil increased the kinds, amount of soil total PLFAs, bacteria PLFAs and actonomycetes PLFAs, while decreased the fungi PLFAs, indicating that fungi was more adaptable than bacteria to an infertile environment. ST and CT resulted in higher amounts of total PLFAs, which were 74.7% and 53.3% higher than that of CK, indicating they were more beneficial to the growth of plants. They could also improve soil physical and chemical properties, increase alk-phosphatase, protease and urease activities, which would provide a favorable soil condition for high and stable crop yields.

5-Carb-oxy-1,3-bis-(carb-oxy-meth-yl)-4-imidazolinium-4-carboxyl-ate.

The title compound, C(9)H(8)N(2)O(8), was obtained by the reaction of imidazole-4,5-dicarb-oxy-lic acid and 2-chloro-acetic acid. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which link mol-ecules into a three-dimensional network.

[Effects of irrigation time on the growth and water- and fertilizer use efficiencies of winter wheat].

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of irrigation time before wintering (November 10th, November 25th, and December 10th) and in spring (March 5th, re-greening stage; and April 5th, jointing stage) on the growth, dry matter translocation, water use efficiency (WUE), and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) of winter wheat after returning corn straw into soil. The irrigation time before wintering mainly affected the wheat population size before wintering and at jointing stage, whereas the irrigation time in spring mainly affected the spike number, grain yield, dry matter translocation, WUE, and FUE. The effects of irrigation time before wintering to the yield formation of winter wheat were closely related to the irrigation time in spring. When the irrigation time in spring was at re-greening stage, the earlier the irrigation time before wintering, the larger the spike number and the higher the grain yield; when the irrigation time in spring was at jointing stage, the delay of the irrigation time before wintering made the spike number and grain yield decreased after an initial increase, the kernel number per plant increased, while the 1000-kernel mass was less affected. The WUE, nutrition uptake, and FUE all decreased with the delay of the irrigation time before wintering, but increased with the delay of the irrigation time in spring. Therefore, under the conditions of returning corn straw into soil and sowing when the soil had enough moisture, to properly advance the irrigation time before wintering could make the soil more compacted, promote the tillering and increase the population size before winter, and in combining the increased irrigation at jointing stage, could control the invalid tillering in early spring, increase the spiking rate, obtain stable kernel mass, and thus, increase the WUE and FUE, realizing water-saving and high efficiency for winter wheat cultivation.

[Extraction and analysis of chemical components of essential oil in Thymus vulgaris of tissue culture].

OBJECTIVE: To extract the essential oils from the Seedlings, the Aseptic Seedlings and the Tissue Culture Seedlings of Thymus vulgaris and analyze their chemical components and the relative contents. METHODS: The essential oils were extracted by steam distillation, the chemical components and the relative contents were identified and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and peak area normalization method. RESULTS: The main chemical components of essential oil in these three samples had no significant difference, they all contained the main components of essential oil in Thymus vulgaris: Thymol, Carvacrol, o-Cymene, gamma-Terpinene, Caryophyllene et al. and only had a slight difference in the relative content. CONCLUSION: This study provides important theoretical foundation and data reference for further study on production of essential oil in thyme by tissue culture technology.

[Effects of irrigation mode on winter wheat yield and water- and nutrient use efficiencies under maize straw returning to field].

In 2008-2010, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different irrigation modes on the grain yield, dry matter translocation, water use efficiency (WUE), and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of winter wheat under maize straw returning to the field in a semi-arid and semi-humid monsoon region of Linfen, Shanxi Province of Northwest China. Irrigation at wintering time promoted tillering, irrigation at jointing stage increased the total tiller number and the fertile spike rate per tiller, whereas irrigation at booting stage promoted the dry matter accumulation in spike and increased the 1000-kernel mass. When the irrigation was implemented at two growth stages and the second irrigation time was postponed, both the dry matter translocation to leaf and the kernels per spike increased. Irrigation twice throughout the whole growth season induced a higher NUE and higher dry matter accumulation in spike, as compared to irrigation once. The irrigation amount at wintering time and the total irrigation amount had lesser effects on the tillering and the dry matter accumulation in spike. Increasing irrigation amount at jointing stage or booting stage more benefited the nutrient uptake, dry matter accumulation and translocation, and grain WUE, which in turn made the yield-formation factors be more balance and the grain yield be higher. It was concluded that to guarantee the irrigation amount at wintering time could achieve stabilized yield, and the optimal irrigation mode was irrigation at wintering time plus an additional irrigation at jointing stage (900 m3 hm(-2)), which could satisfy the water demand of winter wheat at its mid and later growth stage and increase the WUE of grain, and realize water-saving and high-yielding cultivation.

[Enzymatic production of oral nutritional liquid from oyster].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare an oral nutritional liquid for protecting liver and antialcoholic from defatted oyster powder. METHODS: The orthogonal design was used to determine the optimal enzymatic hydrolytic condition and the enzymolysis liquid from oyster was deodorized and seasoned. RESULTS: The optimum hydrolytic conditions were determined as follows: defatted oyster powder added concentration of 2%, ratio of enzyme to base material 10%, enzymatic hydrolytic time 90 min, temperature 50 degrees C, pH 6.2. The content of glycogen, crude protein and amino acids in the oral nutritional liquid were 461 mg/100 mL, 381 mg/100 mL and 294.5 mg/100 mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The processing conditions are stable and reliable and can be used to provide reference for further pilot scale production.

[Purification of oleuropein by sephadex LH-20 column].

OBJECTIVE: To purify the oleuropein crude extracts by sephadex LH-20 column chromatograph. METHODS: This experiment used fast protein chromatography system (AKTA FPLC) produced by Amersham, Sweden. The chromatography column (20 mm x 300 mm) was matched with protein purification instrument. Sephadex LH-20 was used in the Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography columns. The mobile phase was 50% ethanol with a flow velocity of 1.0 mL per minute and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The content of oleuropein was determined by HPLC. RESULTS: The purity of oleuropein was 82.9% after passing the column twice when the sample volume was 2 mL. CONCLUSION: Sephadex LH-20 can be re-used and the regeneration is convenient, it also provides a reference for the production of oleuropein.