Quantifying social capital creation in post-disaster recovery aid in Indonesia: methodological innovation by an AI-based language model.

Smooth interaction with a disaster-affected community can create and strengthen its social capital, leading to greater effectiveness in the provision of successful post-disaster recovery aid. To understand the relationship between the types of interaction, the strength of social capital generated, and the provision of successful post-disaster recovery aid, intricate ethnographic qualitative research is required, but it is likely to remain illustrative because it is based, at least to some degree, on the researcher's intuition. This paper thus offers an innovative research method employing a quantitative artificial intelligence (AI)-based language model, which allows researchers to re-examine data, thereby validating the findings of the qualitative research, and to glean additional insights that might otherwise have been missed. This paper argues that well-connected personnel and religiously-based communal activities help to enhance social capital by bonding within a community and linking to outside agencies and that mixed methods, based on the AI-based language model, effectively strengthen text-based qualitative research.

The deep abdominal ultrasound transducer (DAX) increases the success rate and diagnostic accuracy of shear wave elastography for liver fibrosis assessment in patients with obesity-A prospective biopsy-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity impacts the diagnostic accuracy of shear wave elastography (SWE). A deep abdominal ultrasound transducer (DAX) capable of point (pSWE) and two-dimensional (2D)-SWE has recently been introduced to address this issue. METHODS: We performed a prospective study in a cohort of mostly patients with obesity undergoing liver biopsy with a high prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associate steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was measured using vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE), as well as pSWE and 2D SWE on the standard (5C1) and the DAX transducers. RESULTS: We included 129 patients with paired LSM and liver biopsy: median age 44.0 years, 82 (63.6%) women, median BMI: 43.2 kg/m2. Histologic fibrosis stages: F0: N = 55 (42.6%), F1: N = 14 (10.9%), F2: N = 50 (38.8%), F3: N = 2 (1.6%), F4: N = 8 (6.2%). VCTE-LSM failed (N = 13) or were unreliable (IQR/median ≤30% in ≥7.1 kPa, N = 14) in 20.9% of patients. The Pearson correlation of reliable VCTE-LSM with both pSWE and 2D SWE was strong (all >0.78). The diagnostic accuracy for all LSM techniques was poor for significant fibrosis (≥F2, AUC: 0.54-0.63); however, it was good to excellent for advanced fibrosis (≥F3, AUC: 0.87-0.99) and cirrhosis (F4, AUC: 0.86-1.00). In intention-to-diagnose analysis, pSWE on DAX was significantly superior to VCTE-LSM. CONCLUSIONS: pSWE- and 2D-SWE enable the non-invasive identification of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with obese MASLD. The use of the DAX transducer for acoustic radiation force imaging (ARFI)-LSM avoids technical failures in an obese population and subsequently offers advantages over VCTE-LSM for the evaluation of fibrosis in an obese MASLD population at risk for fibrosis.

En-bloc excision of sacral squamous cell carcinoma with immediate reconstruction.

Sacral squamous cell carcinoma is an uncommon condition that may arise in scars following burns or in chronic wounds, such as an untreated pilonidal cyst. The aim of the present technical note is to describe a surgical technique aimed at minimizing local recurrence rates by en-bloc resection as well as providing immediate plastic reconstruction: 1. right-sided extended vertical rectus abdominis myo-cutaneous (VRAM) flap; 2. abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum with end colostomy; 3. en-bloc excision of the mass inclusive of gluteus maximus muscles and distal sacrectomy; 4. sacrectomy defect covered with VRAM flap; 5. bilateral gluteal defects covered with single-layer dermal substitute of bovine collagen and elastin hydrolysate followed by immediate split-thickness skin grafting from bilateral thigh donor sites, and negative pressure wound therapy dressings. This approach resulted in a favorable outcome at 2-year follow-up in a male patient presenting with a large locally advanced sacral squamous cell carcinoma involving the external anal sphincter muscle.

[Overweight and obesity in adults: general principles of treatment and conservative management]. / Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Erwachsenen: allgemeine Behandlungsgrundsätze und konservatives Management.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is steadily increasing in Austria as well as internationally. Obesity in particular is associated with multiple health risks, comorbidities, functional disability, and social stigma. Obesity is an independent, complex, chronic disease and should be treated as such by a multidisciplinary team of appropriately qualified personnel. In addition to recent international guidelines, this consensus paper outlines the overall principles of the management of overweight and obesity and provides guidance for the diagnosis and conservative treatment, focusing on lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy. Using the "5A" framework of behavioral health intervention, guidelines for a structured, pragmatic, and patient-centered medical care of adults with overweight or obesity are presented.

[Indications and preoperative planning for bariatric surgery]. / Indikation und präoperative Planung zur bariatrischen Operation.

These clinical practice guidelines represent the consensus opinion of a group of Austrian specialist physicians associated with the treatment of obesity. The recommendations incorporate the current literature and guidelines and aim to balance both procedural feasibility and patient acceptance and adherence. Special emphasis was placed on simplification of the preoperative clarification and maximum patient safety. Therefore, this article makes no claim to be complete in all fields.

[Prevention and management of postinterventional weight regain]. / Prävention und Management von postinterventioneller Gewichtszunahme.

Decreasing levels of patient motivation or compliance are far from being the only causes of postinterventional weight regain after lifestyle, psychological, pharmacological and surgical interventions. Weight regain originates from a complex and individually varying set of central and peripheral mechanisms, with the overall purpose of increasing food intake by both stimulating hunger and reducing satiety (mediated by gastrointestinal hormones) and decreasing the body's energy demands (via metabolic adaption). These mechanisms counteract any attempts to reduce or maintain body weight in today's increasingly prevalent adipogenic environments. The knowledge about the biological mechanisms of body weight regulation should be taken into consideration when planning treatment programs for long-term weight reduction, including follow-up treatment for the prevention and individualized treatment of postinterventional weight regain. Therapeutic measures as well as the frequency of medical follow-ups should be based on the extent of weight regain.

Surgical Technique for Sphinkeeper® Implantation.

Fecal incontinence is a distressing condition characterized by the involuntary loss of solid and liquid stool and gas, It affects a significant proportion of the general population, with a reported prevalence ranging from 1% to 20%. Despite its considerable impact on quality of life, therapeutic options for fecal incontinence remain limited. Current treatment modalities for fecal incontinence include conservative approaches such as dietary modifications, pelvic floor exercises, and pharmacotherapy. Surgical interventions, including sphincteroplasty or sacral nerve stimulation, may be considered in more severe cases. Recently, THD Labs (THD S.p.A. Correggio (RE), Italy) introduced the Gatekeeper® as a novel device that supports the implantation of up to four solid prostheses into the intersphincteric groove. Early data were promising, with success rates above 50% and only a few perioperative complications. Subsequently, Gatekeeper® was modified by increasing the length and number (up to 10) of prostheses, and renamed Sphinkeeper® (THD). With this device, nine to 10 small incisions measuring 2 mm are made at a distance of 2-3 cm from the anus. The intersphincteric space is accessed using the delivery system, and positioning is verified through endoanal ultrasound. This procedure is repeated for all 10 prostheses placed around the entire circumference. The Sphinkeeper® offers the potential to improve the management of fecal incontinence, and offers patients a less-invasive alternative to traditional surgical approaches.

Quilting Suture Technique After Mastectomy: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is no level 1a evidence testing quilting suture (QS) technique after mastectomy on wound outcomes. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates QS and association with surgical site occurrences as compared to conventional closure (CC) for mastectomy. METHODS: MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched to include adult women with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy. The primary endpoint was postoperative seroma rate. Secondary endpoints included rates of hematoma, surgical site infection (SSI), and flap necrosis. The Mantel-Haenszel method with random-effects model was used for meta-analysis. Number needed to treat was calculated to assess clinical relevance of statistical findings. RESULTS: Thirteen studies totaling 1748 patients (870 QS and 878 CC) were included. Seroma rates were statistically significantly lower in patients with QS (OR [95%CI] = .32 [.18, .57]; P < .0001) than CC. Hematoma rates (OR [95%CI] = 1.07 [.52, 2.20]; P = .85), SSI rates (OR [95%CI] = .93 [.61, 1.41]; P = .73), and flap necrosis rates (OR [95%CI] = .61 [.30, 1.23]; P = .17) did not significantly vary between QS and CC. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis found that QS was associated with significantly decreased seroma rates when compared to CC in patients undergoing mastectomy for cancer. However, improvement in seroma rates did not translate into a difference in hematoma, SSI, or flap necrosis rates.

Robotic-assisted surgery training (RAST) program: module 1 of a three-module program. Assessment of patient cart docking skills and educational environment.

There is currently no standardized robotic surgery training program in General Surgery Residency. RAST involves three modules: ergonomics, psychomotor, and procedural. This study aimed to report the results of module 1, which assessed the responsiveness of 27 PGY (postgraduate year) 1-5 general surgery residents (GSRs) to simulated patient cart docking, and to evaluate the residents' perception of the educational environment from 2021 to 2022. GSRs prepared with pre-training educational video and multiple-choice questions test (MCQs). Faculty provided one-on-one resident hands-on training and testing. Nine proficiency criteria (deploy cart; boom control; driving cart; docking camera port; targeting anatomy; flex joints; clearance joints; port nozzles; emergency undocking) were assessed with five-point Likert scale. A validated 50-item Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) inventory was used by GSRs to assess the educational environment. Mean MCQ scores: (90.6 ± 16.1 PGY1), (80.2 ± 18.1PGY2), (91.7 ± 16.5 PGY3) and (PGY4, 86.8 ± 18.1 PGY5) (ANOVA test; p = 0.885). Hands-on docking time decreased at testing when compared to base line: median 17.5 (range 15-20) min vs. 9.5 (range 8-11). Mean hands-on testing score was 4.75 ± 0.29 PGY1; 5.0 ± 0 PGY2 and PGY3, 4.78 ± 0.13 PGY4, and 4.93 ± 0.1 PGY5 (ANOVA test; p = 0.095). No correlation was found between pre-course MCQ score and hands-on training score (Pearson correlation coefficient = - 0.359; p = 0.066). There was no difference in the hands-on scores stratified by PGY. The overall DREEM score was 167.1 ± 16.9 with CAC = 0.908 (excellent internal consistency). Patient cart training impacted the responsiveness of GSRs with 54% docking time reduction and no differences in hands-on testing scores among PGYs with a highly positive perception.

The male patient with obesity undergoing metabolic and bariatric surgery: changes in testosterone levels correlate with weight loss after one-anastomosis gastric bypass and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) is a common disease among men with obesity and can be associated with metabolic syndrome and a variety of metabolic problems ultimately leading to androgen deficiency. Metabolic and bariatric surgery is a well-established treatment option associated with significant weight loss and reduction in metabolic co-morbidities. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of surgery on plasma levels of sexual hormones and their effect on weight loss comparing 2 surgical methods (one-anastomosis gastric bypass [OAGB] and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [RYGB]) in male patients with obesity. SETTING: University hospital, Austria. METHODS: Patients undergoing OAGB and RYGB between 2012 and 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. Follow-up in this study was up to 24 months. Systemic levels of sexual hormones (luteinizing hormone [LH]), follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], total testosterone [TT], sexual hormone binding globin [SHBG], 17 beta-estradiol [17bE], androstenedione [AS]) were retrieved at each visit. A linear mixed model was used to assess the correlation between changes in testosterone levels and percent excess weight loss (%EWL). RESULTS: In 30.8% of all patients, MOSH was present preoperatively. A significant increase of TT was observed postoperatively that led to a complete resolution of hypogonadism within the period observed. Bioavailable testosterone (bTT) and FSH levels significantly increased each month of follow-up after surgery (all P < .01). Levels of 17bE did not change significantly after surgery. The overall change of TT, comparing preoperative and 1-year postoperative TT levels (ΔTT), significantly correlated with %EWL. Changes in TT levels were not affected by the choice of surgical method. CONCLUSIONS: Serum plasma testosterone levels rise significantly after metabolic and bariatric surgery in male patients. The change of testosterone levels seems to play a role in continued weight loss after surgery. This is true irrespective of the surgical method used.

Glaucoma Treatment in German Hospitals in 2019. / Glaukombehandlung in deutschen Krankenhäusern 2019.

BACKGROUND: Surgical procedures in ophthalmology are subject to fluctuations in their application and are dependent on new developments, availability, and success rates. In the field of glaucoma surgery in particular, numerous new procedures have been introduced over the last few years. So far, hardly any analyses have been done on the current application of these newer procedures. In this paper, we present the extent to which different glaucoma surgery procedures were used in German hospitals in 2019. METHODS: The quality reports of German hospitals from 2019 were evaluated regarding all glaucoma-specific procedure codes. In particular, laser procedures, "classic" glaucoma procedures, and "modern" procedures such as MIGS (minimally invasive glaucoma surgery) are compared below. RESULTS: In 2019, 49,031 glaucoma procedures were performed in German hospitals. Numerically, cyclodestructive procedures were used most frequently. MIGS accounted for approximately 10% of procedures according to the available data. Among filtering procedures, about 40% were implant-assisted. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: On the one hand, the data analyzed show a mixed expansion of the spectrum with newer procedures such as the MIGS and implants; on the other hand, classic procedures such as cyclodestruction are still used. It can be assumed that further shifts in surgical methods will be seen in the coming years.

Long-Term Outcomes of Excimer Laser-Assisted Penetrating Keratoplasty Using a Commercially Available Laser System - A Retrospective Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Favorable functional outcomes have been reported after excimer laser-assisted penetrating keratoplasty (EXL PKP). But this technique has not been widely adopted, and there are reports on EXL PKP from only a very limited number of institutions. Some of these results refer to operations carried out with laser systems that are not commercially available. In this retrospective case series, we report the long-term outcome of EXL PKP using the Schwind Amaris 500E laser system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective consecutive case series included 30 eyes of 29 patients who had undergone EXL PKP between 2010 and 2013. Primary outcome measures were topographic astigmatism and visual acuity. Secondary outcome measures were the rates of graft rejection and graft failure, and the rate of grafts with an endothelial cell density below 500 cells/mm2. Survival analyses were carried out for the following endpoints: visual acuity, rate of graft rejection, and rate of grafts with endothelial cell densities higher than 500 cells/mm2. RESULTS: The median interquartile range (IQR) duration of follow-up was 45 (36) months. The indications for PKP were keratoconus (n = 21), corneal scarring (n = 6), Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (n = 1), and corneal dystrophy other than Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (n = 2). The median (IQR) topographic astigmatism at the end of the follow-up period was 5.3 (2.9) D. Forty-five months after surgery, 73% of all eyes had a visual acuity better than 0.3 LogMAR. The rate of graft rejection after 45 months of follow-up was 32%. All eyes maintained endothelial cell densities higher than 500 cells/mm2. There was no graft failure. CONCLUSIONS: EXL PKP is a safe and effective surgical procedure. No general conclusions can be drawn on the refractive outcome of EXL PKP. Potential advantages, such as a higher degree of graft-host congruity, that could possibly improve the refractive outcome should be weighed against the higher costs of EXL PKP.

Does the mesorectal fat area impact the histopathology metrics of the specimen in males undergoing TME for distal rectal cancer?

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the mesorectal fat area (MFA) has an impact on the histopathology metrics of the specimen in male patients undergoing robotic total mesorectal excision (rTME) for cancer in the distal third of the rectum. Prospectively collected data of patients undergoing rTME for resectable rectal cancer by five surgeons during 3 years were extracted from the REgistry of Robotic SURgery for RECTal cancer (RESURRECT). MFA was measured at preoperative MRI. Distal rectal cancer was defined as within 6 cm from the anal verge. Specimen metrics included circumferential resection margin (CRM) measured by pathologists as involved if < 1 mm, distal resection margin (DRM) and TME quality. Of 890 patients who underwent rTME for rectal cancer, a subgroup analysis compared 116/581 (33.4%) with MFA > 20 cm2 to 231/581 (66.6%) with MFA ≤ 20 cm2. The mean CRM in patients with MFA > 20 cm2 was neither statistically nor clinically significantly different from patients with MFA ≤ 20 m2 (6.8 ± 5.6 mm vs. 6.0 ± 7.5 mm; p = 0.544). The quality of TME did not significantly differ: complete TME 84.3% vs. 80.3%; nearly complete TME 12.9% vs. 10.1%; incomplete TME 6.8% vs. 5.6%. The DRM was not significantly different: 1.9 ± 1.9 cm vs. 1.9 ± 2.5 cm; p = 0.847. In addition, the intraoperative complication rate was not significantly different: 4.3% (n = 5) vs. 2.2% (n = 5) (p = 0.314). This prospective multicenter study did not find any evidence to support that larger MFA would result in poorer histopathology metrics of the specimen when performing rTME in male patients with distal rectal cancer.

Fifteen Years after Sleeve Gastrectomy: Gastroscopies, Manometries, and 24-h pH-Metries in a Long-Term Follow-Up: A Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most common bariatric operation with over 340,000 procedures per year. There are only few studies presenting follow-up results >10 years in the literature today. The aim of this study was the objective evaluation of long-term outcomes of at least 15 years after SG in non-converted patients. METHODS: This study (multicenter cross-sectional; university-hospital based) includes all non-converted patients with primary SG before December 2005 at participating bariatric centers. The following methods were used: gastroscopy, esophageal manometry, 24-h pH-metry, and Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI). RESULTS: After removing converted patients, patients with bariatric procedures before SG, and deceased patients from the cohort, 20 of 53 participants have met the inclusion criteria. Of this group, 55% are suffering from symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); 45% are without GERD. Esophagitis, hiatal hernias, Barrett's esophagus, and enlarged sleeves were found in 44%, 50%, 13%, and 69% of patients during gastroscopy. Mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure was normal at 20.2 ± 14.1 mm Hg during manometry. Reflux activity in 24 h, number of refluxes, and DeMeester score were increased at 12.9 ± 9.7%, 98.0 ± 80.8, and 55.3 ± 36.3 during 24-h pH-metry. Patients with GERD scored significantly lower in the GIQLI than patients without GERD: 107.6 ± 18.4 versus 127.6 ± 14.4 (p = 0.04). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Fifteen years after primary SG, objective testing has shown that GERD, esophagitis, and Barrett's esophagus are major issues for these patients. Surveillance endoscopies at 5-year intervals in all SG patients and 3-year intervals in patients with Barrett's esophagus are recommended.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gallbladder: early detection and surgery is key to improved outcome.

PURPOSE: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the gallbladder are very rare. As a result, the classification of pathologic specimens from gallbladder NENs, currently classified as gallbladder neuroendocrine tumors (GB-NETs) and carcinomas (GB-NECs), is inconsistent and makes nomenclature, classification, and management difficult. Our study aims to evaluate the epidemiological trend, tumor biology, and outcomes of GB-NET and GB-NEC over the last 5 decades. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the SEER database from 1973 to 2016. The epidemiological trend was analyzed using the age-adjusted Joinpoint regression analysis. Survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression was used to assess predictors of poor survival. RESULTS: A total of 482 patients with GB-NEN were identified. Mean age at diagnosis was 65.2 ± 14.3 years. Females outnumbered males (65.6% vs. 34.4%). The Joinpoint nationwide trend analysis showed a 7% increase per year from 1973 to 2016. The mean survival time after diagnosis of GB-NEN was 37.11 ± 55.3 months. The most common pattern of nodal distribution was N0 (50.2%) followed by N1 (30.9%) and N2 (19.2%). Advanced tumor spread (into the liver, regional, and distant metastasis) was seen in 60.3% of patients. Patients who underwent surgery had a significant survival advantage (111.0 ± 8.3 vs. 8.3 ± 1.2 months, p < 0.01). Cox regression analysis showed advanced age (p < 0.01), tumor stage (P < 0.01), tumor extension (p < 0.01), and histopathologic grade (p < 0.01) were associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSION: Gallbladder NENs are a rare histopathological variant of gallbladder cancer that is showing a rising incidence in the USA. In addition to tumor staging, surgical resection significantly impacts patient survival, when patients are able to undergo surgery irrespective of tumor staging. Advanced age, tumor extension, and histopathological grade of the tumor were associated with higher mortality.

Gallbladder cancer: Historical treatment and new management options.

Gallbladder cancer is a rare, aggressive malignancy that has a poor overall prognosis. Effective treatment consists of early detection and surgical treatment. With the wide spread treatment of gallbladder disease with minimally invasive techniques, the rate of incidental gallbladder cancer has seen an equitable rise along with stage migration towards earlier disease. Although the treatment remains mostly surgical, newer modalities such as regional therapy as well as directed therapy based on molecular medicine has led to improved outcomes in patients with advanced disease. We aim to summarize the management of gallbladder cancer along with the newer developments in this formidable disease process.